{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140099723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","title":"Improving Off-Site Roof Construction through Lean Principles and Automation","display_name":"Improving Off-Site Roof Construction through Lean Principles and Automation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140099723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130408040","display_name":"Parisa Mahdavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parisa Mahdavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130368744","display_name":"Neda Rahimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neda Rahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130341131","display_name":"Parnia Mehranrad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parnia Mehranrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116229254","display_name":"Nafisa Shams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nafisa Shams","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058990681","display_name":"Afia Rasool","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afia Rasool","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130354840","display_name":"Rafiq Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafiq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems LABoratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 1H9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130354840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.6015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99239033,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"277","issue":null,"first_page":"1423","last_page":"1432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.6496000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.6496000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.08529999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.07890000194311142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pdca","display_name":"PDCA","score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-stream-mapping","display_name":"Value stream mapping","score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing","display_name":"Framing (construction)","score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-4.0","display_name":"Industry 4.0","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q820214","display_name":"PDCA","level":4,"score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50417146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345067","display_name":"Value stream mapping","level":3,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777986313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989","display_name":"Industry 4.0","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68694590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267558","display_name":"Original equipment manufacturer","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25349015","display_name":"Digital manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40149104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21457203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4056293","display_name":"Process automation system","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137335462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.02.181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.41690969467163086,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570776438","https://openalex.org/W1996805394","https://openalex.org/W2070552447","https://openalex.org/W2075526107","https://openalex.org/W2082670337","https://openalex.org/W2915547326","https://openalex.org/W2921270821","https://openalex.org/W2954896328","https://openalex.org/W3101958851","https://openalex.org/W3134644078","https://openalex.org/W3160008510","https://openalex.org/W3207845067","https://openalex.org/W4200575187","https://openalex.org/W4212928473","https://openalex.org/W4221000662","https://openalex.org/W4285046871","https://openalex.org/W4296077905","https://openalex.org/W4366548926","https://openalex.org/W4386480594","https://openalex.org/W4391381541","https://openalex.org/W4392455517","https://openalex.org/W4394996194","https://openalex.org/W4400748805","https://openalex.org/W4403575333","https://openalex.org/W4405735952","https://openalex.org/W4407920097"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Off-site":[0],"Construction":[1],"(OSC)":[2],"meets":[3],"rapid":[4],"construction":[5,27],"demands":[6],"by":[7],"shifting":[8],"component":[9],"fabrication":[10],"to":[11,29,57,68,108,126],"controlled":[12],"factory":[13],"environments,":[14],"enhanced":[15],"planning,":[16],"and":[17,32,39,47,60,82,99,117],"fast":[18],"execution.":[19],"This":[20,110],"study":[21],"investigates":[22],"a":[23,74,83],"real-world":[24],"off-site":[25],"roof":[26,90],"scenario":[28],"address":[30,69],"inefficiencies":[31],"delays.":[33],"Using":[34],"the":[35],"PDCA":[36],"(Plan-Do-Check-Act)":[37],"cycle":[38],"Value":[40],"Stream":[41],"Mapping":[42],"(VSM),":[43],"manual":[44],"panel":[45],"framing":[46,81],"material":[48],"loading":[49,89],"are":[50,66,95],"identified":[51],"as":[52],"key":[53],"bottleneck":[54],"processes":[55],"due":[56],"inconsistent":[58],"pacing":[59],"sequential":[61],"handling.":[62],"Lean":[63,114],"Automation":[64],"techniques":[65],"implemented":[67],"these":[70],"issues,":[71],"along":[72],"with":[73],"Thermwood":[75],"Model":[76],"43":[77],"CNC":[78],"Router":[79],"for":[80,88],"FANUC":[84],"M-2000iA/2300":[85],"robotic":[86],"system":[87,103],"panels.":[91],"The":[92],"proposed":[93],"improvements":[94],"validated":[96],"through":[97],"simulations":[98],"demonstrate":[100],"an":[101],"overall":[102],"efficiency":[104],"improvement":[105],"from":[106],"0.68%":[107],"1.52%.":[109],"research":[111],"highlights":[112],"how":[113],"principles,":[115],"robotics,":[116],"digital":[118],"tools":[119],"can":[120],"revolutionize":[121],"OSC":[122,128],"industrial":[123],"practices,":[124],"scalable":[125],"other":[127],"modules.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}