{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139935240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","title":"A Modular Multi-Agentic Architecture for Automating Multiple-Choice Question Generation in Language Assessment","display_name":"A Modular Multi-Agentic Architecture for Automating Multiple-Choice Question Generation in Language Assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139935240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130252410","display_name":"Peng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130236672","display_name":"John Blake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Blake","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130253071","display_name":"Evgeny Pyshkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evgeny Pyshkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-0006, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130236672"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93270593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"275","issue":null,"first_page":"602","last_page":"609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.1826000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6729000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.2881999909877777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9211999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6729000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7975506782531738}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902583760","https://openalex.org/W3103031342","https://openalex.org/W3143827210","https://openalex.org/W3158215615","https://openalex.org/W4318480794","https://openalex.org/W4378983550","https://openalex.org/W4403808131","https://openalex.org/W4414000703"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74,139],"creation":[1,130],"of":[2,18,79,91,99],"high-quality":[3],"multiple-choice":[4],"questions":[5],"(MCQs)":[6],"for":[7,48,147],"language":[8],"assessment":[9,98],"is":[10,46],"a":[11,30,49,143],"labour-intensive":[12],"task,":[13],"often":[14],"requiring":[15],"careful":[16],"balancing":[17],"linguistic":[19],"appropriacy,":[20],"proficiency":[21],"level,":[22],"topic":[23,61],"coverage,":[24],"and":[25,63,71,94,136],"distractor":[26,69],"plausibility.":[27],"We":[28],"present":[29],"modular,":[31],"multi-agentic":[32],"system":[33,45,75,141],"built":[34],"using":[35],"LangChain":[36],"to":[37,66],"generate":[38],"appropriate":[39],"MCQs.":[40],"Each":[41],"agent":[42],"in":[43,52,89,111,152],"the":[44,53,104],"responsible":[47],"distinct":[50],"task":[51],"question":[54,64],"generation":[55,92,151],"pipeline.":[56],"These":[57],"tasks":[58,88],"range":[59],"from":[60],"selection":[62],"formation":[65],"answer":[67],"validation,":[68],"generation,":[70],"coverage":[72],"checks.":[73],"supports":[76],"flexible":[77],"substitution":[78],"Large":[80],"Language":[81],"Models":[82],"(LLMs),":[83],"allowing":[84],"comparative":[85],"benchmarking":[86],"across":[87],"terms":[90],"accuracy":[93],"latency.":[95],"Human":[96],"expert":[97],"item":[100],"quality":[101],"confirmed":[102],"that":[103,120],"best-performing":[105],"configurations":[106],"yielded":[107],"scores":[108],"exceeding":[109],"95%":[110],"grammatical":[112],"correctness":[113],"with":[114],"satisfactory":[115],"speed.":[116],"Our":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"multi-agent":[121],"LLM-based":[122],"architectures":[123],"can":[124],"effectively":[125],"automate":[126],"complex":[127],"educational":[128,149],"content":[129,150],"workflows":[131],"while":[132],"offering":[133],"transparency,":[134],"modularity,":[135],"fine-grained":[137],"controllability.":[138],"proposed":[140],"offers":[142],"reusable":[144],"design":[145],"pattern":[146],"intelligent":[148],"broader":[153],"domains.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T06:25:25.174409","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}
