{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139939174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","title":"Biomedical Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Transformers for Clinical Question Answering Systems","display_name":"Biomedical Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Transformers for Clinical Question Answering Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139939174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030589939","display_name":"Jamal Salahaldeen Majeed Alneamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-0502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12150220","display_name":"University of Mosul","ror":"https://ror.org/039cf4q47","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12150220"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Salahaldeen Majeed Alneamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Software Department, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Software Department, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12150220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130225992","display_name":"Naji Mutar Saheb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126633494","display_name":"University of Basrah","ror":"https://ror.org/00840ea57","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naji Mutar Saheb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Department, Al Kunooze University, Basrah, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Department, Al Kunooze University, Basrah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130243409","display_name":"Mohammed Hameed Ahmed AlTaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126633494","display_name":"University of Basrah","ror":"https://ror.org/00840ea57","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Hameed Ahmed AlTaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Department, Al Kunooze University, Basrah, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Department, Al Kunooze University, Basrah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130217207","display_name":"Fadlelmoula Mohammed Baloul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45998257","display_name":"Sohar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ftvf862","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadlelmoula Mohammed Baloul","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and IT, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Suhar, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and IT, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Suhar, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030589939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12150220"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93326914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"275","issue":null,"first_page":"575","last_page":"583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.5037999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.5037999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.33090001344680786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-based-systems","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3043000102043152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8924999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985722590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medical knowledge","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C234837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420493","display_name":"Conceptual graph","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.01.067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206037047","https://openalex.org/W4285209966","https://openalex.org/W4298005542","https://openalex.org/W4310370801","https://openalex.org/W4313328215","https://openalex.org/W4318983406","https://openalex.org/W4322499862","https://openalex.org/W4378745939","https://openalex.org/W4379526528","https://openalex.org/W4386742569","https://openalex.org/W4388034857","https://openalex.org/W4388792763","https://openalex.org/W4390246136","https://openalex.org/W4390584746","https://openalex.org/W4391066290","https://openalex.org/W4391340156","https://openalex.org/W4392704508","https://openalex.org/W4392886985","https://openalex.org/W4394988178","https://openalex.org/W4398199915","https://openalex.org/W4399858591","https://openalex.org/W4400334057","https://openalex.org/W4400369080","https://openalex.org/W4400590792","https://openalex.org/W4400726464","https://openalex.org/W4400794795","https://openalex.org/W4401868284","https://openalex.org/W4401996424","https://openalex.org/W4402414838","https://openalex.org/W4402476564","https://openalex.org/W4402567773","https://openalex.org/W4402709613","https://openalex.org/W4402709682","https://openalex.org/W4402991769","https://openalex.org/W4403307124","https://openalex.org/W4403307233","https://openalex.org/W4403502360","https://openalex.org/W4404138521","https://openalex.org/W4404257336","https://openalex.org/W4405546595","https://openalex.org/W4405778521","https://openalex.org/W4406169109","https://openalex.org/W4406238222","https://openalex.org/W4407117092","https://openalex.org/W4408377380","https://openalex.org/W4408743858","https://openalex.org/W4410109440","https://openalex.org/W4413278888"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,27,37,70,98,156,190],"evidence-based":[3],"treatment":[4],"is":[5,67,164],"challenging":[6],"because":[7],"computers":[8],"that":[9,173],"provide":[10,52],"answers":[11],"to":[12,18,30,33,46,57,78,142,183],"clinical":[13,72],"questions":[14],"(CQA)":[15],"are":[16],"unable":[17],"comprehend":[19],"complex":[20],"biological":[21,58,100],"language":[22],"or":[23],"consider":[24],"various":[25],"types":[26],"observations.":[28],"Due":[29],"their":[31],"inability":[32],"grasp":[34],"the":[35,44,68,71,96,146,169,181,185],"concept":[36],"link":[38],"dependence,":[39],"standard":[40],"text-based":[41],"techniques":[42],"have":[43],"potential":[45,182],"overlook":[47],"critical":[48],"contextual":[49,114,133],"information":[50],"and":[51,91,107,116,135,151,159,176,188],"incorrect":[53],"responses":[54],"when":[55],"applied":[56,141],"entities.":[59],"Biomedical":[60],"Knowledge":[61],"Graph":[62],"Embedding":[63],"with":[64,124],"Transformers":[65],"(Bio-KGET)":[66],"name":[69],"quality":[73],"assurance":[74],"system":[75],"we":[76,119],"developed":[77],"aid":[79],"in":[80,127,154],"overcoming":[81],"these":[82],"challenges.":[83],"Using":[84],"electronic":[85],"health":[86],"records":[87],"(EHRs),":[88],"academic":[89],"publications,":[90],"ontologies,":[92],"this":[93],"approach":[94],"enables":[95],"construction":[97],"a":[99,108,128],"knowledge":[101,177],"network":[102],"by":[103],"integrating":[104],"entities,":[105],"connections,":[106],"shared":[109],"vector":[110],"space.":[111],"To":[112],"enhance":[113,184],"reasoning":[115,134],"response":[117],"generation,":[118],"can":[120],"combine":[121],"graph-structured":[122],"representations":[123],"semantic":[125],"embeddings":[126,179],"transformer-based":[129],"encoder.":[130],"This":[131],"improves":[132],"generates":[136],"more":[137,165],"accurate":[138],"responses.":[139],"When":[140],"benchmark":[143],"CQA":[144],"datasets,":[145],"model":[147,163],"outperforms":[148],"baseline":[149],"neural":[150],"graph-only":[152],"models":[153],"terms":[155],"relevance,":[157],"precision,":[158],"accuracy.":[160],"Also,":[161],"our":[162],"accurate.":[166],"Based":[167],"on":[168],"results,":[170],"it":[171],"appears":[172],"combining":[174],"transformers":[175],"graph":[178],"has":[180],"usability,":[186],"scalability,":[187],"interpretability":[189],"intelligent":[191],"biomedical":[192],"question-answering":[193],"systems.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T06:25:25.174409","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}
