{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415974714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","title":"Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy Unequal Clustering With Energy-Aware Routing For Efficient WSNs","display_name":"Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy Unequal Clustering With Energy-Aware Routing For Efficient WSNs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415974714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028857277","display_name":"Ines Lahmar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-8724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68916915","display_name":"University of Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/022efad20","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ines Lahmar","raw_affiliation_strings":["MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109909770","display_name":"Aida Zaier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179097149","display_name":"University of Carthage","ror":"https://ror.org/057x6za15","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aida Zaier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, University of Cartahge Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, University of Cartahge Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095112241","display_name":"Marwa Rjili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68916915","display_name":"University of Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/022efad20","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwa Rjili","raw_affiliation_strings":["MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061486977","display_name":"Mohamed Yahia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68916915","display_name":"University of Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/022efad20","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Yahia","raw_affiliation_strings":["MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MACS Laboratory, University of Gabes, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015660461","display_name":"Tarig Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-7464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarig Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tarig Ali, GIS and Mapping Laboratory, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tarig Ali, GIS and Mapping Laboratory, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081681417","display_name":"Ridha Bouall\u00e8gue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-761X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179097149","display_name":"University of Carthage","ror":"https://ror.org/057x6za15","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ridha Bouallegue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, University of Cartahge Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, University of Cartahge Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061267204","display_name":"Jaime Lloret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-0533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Lloret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Politecnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Politecnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028857277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39235569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"270","issue":null,"first_page":"1022","last_page":"1031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5932999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.42260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5932999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186108316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352530","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","level":4,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44859942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5426511","display_name":"FLAME clustering","level":5,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769066073","https://openalex.org/W2791426204","https://openalex.org/W2913367076","https://openalex.org/W3001971223","https://openalex.org/W3025932266","https://openalex.org/W3097797497","https://openalex.org/W3119997413","https://openalex.org/W3124111919","https://openalex.org/W3137875048","https://openalex.org/W3163190792","https://openalex.org/W3172410657","https://openalex.org/W4225621959","https://openalex.org/W4285231128","https://openalex.org/W4307543272","https://openalex.org/W4364381371","https://openalex.org/W4391136780","https://openalex.org/W4397049418","https://openalex.org/W4399171728","https://openalex.org/W4405574487","https://openalex.org/W4407302019"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"clustering":[1,41,156],"algorithms":[2],"in":[3,21,152],"wireless":[4],"sensor":[5],"networks":[6,22],"(WSNs)":[7],"often":[8],"face":[9],"several":[10],"challenges,":[11,33],"including":[12],"energy":[13,28,113,126,134,150],"imbalance,":[14],"routing,":[15],"and":[16,27,58,69,127,136,148],"the":[17,36,72,85,95,105],"hot-spot":[18],"problem,":[19],"especially":[20],"with":[23,43],"varying":[24],"node":[25,67],"densities":[26],"levels.":[29],"To":[30],"address":[31],"these":[32],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"adaptive":[37],"type-2":[38],"fuzzy":[39,50,80],"unequal":[40,88],"algorithm":[42,83],"energy-aware":[44],"routing":[45,131],"(AT2UCAR).":[46],"It":[47],"employs":[48],"a":[49,77],"inference":[51],"mechanism":[52],"to":[53,97,104,110,118,132,154],"dynamically":[54],"establish":[55],"cluster":[56,61],"sizes":[57],"select":[59],"optimal":[60],"heads":[62],"based":[63,123],"on":[64,124],"residual":[65,125],"energy,":[66],"density,":[68],"distance":[70],"from":[71,94],"base":[73],"station.":[74],"By":[75],"creating":[76],"set":[78],"of":[79,87],"rules,":[81],"this":[82],"enables":[84],"development":[86],"clusters,":[89,100],"allowing":[90],"nodes":[91],"situated":[92],"farther":[93],"BS":[96,106],"form":[98],"larger":[99],"while":[101],"those":[102],"nearer":[103],"maintain":[107],"smaller":[108],"clusters":[109],"minimize":[111],"overall":[112],"consumption.":[114],"AT2UCAR":[115,143],"is":[116],"proposed":[117],"optimize":[119],"data":[120],"transmission":[121],"paths":[122],"further":[128],"optimizes":[129],"multi-hop":[130],"improve":[133],"efficiency":[135,151],"load":[137,146],"balancing.":[138],"Simulation":[139],"results":[140],"indicate":[141],"that":[142],"significantly":[144],"improves":[145],"balancing":[147],"enhances":[149],"comparison":[153],"other":[155],"algorithms.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}