{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968392953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","title":"A Multi-class Probabilistic Neural Network for Pathogen Classification","display_name":"A Multi-class Probabilistic Neural Network for Pathogen Classification","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968392953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","mag":"1968392953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067574751","display_name":"William Ford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063188184","display_name":"Kun Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6012-2284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6012-2284","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5277-515X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103415805","display_name":"Walker H. Land","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-8276","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-8276"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walker Land","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045104354","display_name":"Robert B. Congdon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Congdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yinglei Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinglei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034419498","display_name":"Omowunmi A. Sadik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-0608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-0608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omowunmi Sadik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University,Vestal, NY, 13902,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83020866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"348","last_page":"353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.4000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.4000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.14069999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.08389999717473984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-classification","display_name":"pathogen classification","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety-testing","display_name":"food safety testing","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-sensor","display_name":"electrochemical sensor","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staphylococcus-epidermidis","display_name":"Staphylococcus epidermidis","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candida-albicans","display_name":"Candida albicans","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-optimization","display_name":"kernel optimization","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithms","display_name":"evolutionary algorithms","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-microbial-detection","display_name":"rapid microbial detection","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-spoilage","display_name":"food spoilage","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7840238213539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5594865679740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62126406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681365","display_name":"Consumables","level":2,"score":0.5400816202163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.526166558265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4893800616264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.463351309299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45268335938453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4455834925174713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0806376039981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.40450000762939453,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1964168965","https://openalex.org/W1988941179","https://openalex.org/W1994759084","https://openalex.org/W2018288530","https://openalex.org/W2028370937","https://openalex.org/W2058565152","https://openalex.org/W2084005189","https://openalex.org/W2126087095","https://openalex.org/W2475430021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4290792893","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W4306321456","https://openalex.org/W4285260836","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4205958290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"outbreaks":[1],"of":[2,16,29,59,72,77,96,103,150,231],"listeria,":[3],"salmonella,":[4],"and":[5,52,87,179,192],"other":[6],"pathogens":[7],"have":[8],"reinforced":[9],"the":[10,27,30,47,60,94,101,127,176,181,209,214,228,240],"need":[11],"for":[12],"more":[13],"rigorous":[14],"testing":[15,24,38],"food":[17,31,61],"products.":[18],"Millions":[19],"are":[20,50,79],"spent":[21],"each":[22],"year":[23,82],"food.":[25,104],"Certifying":[26],"safety":[28,102],"is":[32,63,90,107],"a":[33,56,81,138,198,224,236],"challenging":[34],"task":[35],"using":[36],"traditional":[37],"methods.":[39],"Current":[40],"methods":[41,67],"require":[42],"long":[43],"incubation":[44],"times":[45],"before":[46],"first":[48],"results":[49],"observed":[51],"still":[53],"only":[54],"represent":[55],"small":[57],"fraction":[58],"that":[62,203,213],"sold.":[64],"Long":[65],"analysis":[66],"also":[68],"lead":[69],"to":[70,83,92,99,108,121,124,146,174,207,218,239],"loss":[71],"consumables.":[73],"18.9":[74],"billion":[75],"pounds":[76],"produce":[78],"lost":[80],"spoilage.":[84],"A":[85],"fast":[86],"effective":[88],"method":[89],"needed":[91],"decrease":[93],"amount":[95],"time":[97],"necessary":[98],"test":[100],"The":[105,190],"goal":[106],"provide":[109],"accurate":[110],"sample":[111],"classification":[112],"as":[113,115],"quickly":[114],"possible,":[116],"thus":[117,234],"allowing":[118],"pathogen-free":[119],"product":[120],"be":[122],"shipped":[123],"market":[125],"with":[126,137],"shortest":[128],"delay":[129],"possible.":[130],"An":[131],"autonomous":[132],"electrochemical":[133],"sensor":[134],"was":[135,195,216],"combined":[136],"powerful":[139],"multi-class":[140],"Probabilistic":[141],"Neural":[142],"Network":[143],"(PNN)":[144],"system":[145,182],"classify":[147,220],"four":[148,187],"species":[149],"organisms":[151],"(E.":[152],"Coli":[153,156],"#25922,":[154],"E.":[155],"#":[157],"11775,":[158],"S.":[159],"Epidermis":[160],"#12228,":[161],"or":[162],"C.":[163],"Albicans":[164],"#10231).":[165],"We":[166,211],"used":[167,206],"an":[168],"evolutionary":[169],"based":[170],"kernel":[171,177],"optimization":[172],"algorithm":[173],"optimize":[175],"parameters,":[178],"trained":[180,191],"on":[183,197],"data":[184],"sampled":[185],"from":[186],"different":[188],"organisms.":[189],"optimized":[193],"model":[194],"validated":[196],"set":[199],"containing":[200],"several":[201],"samples":[202,222],"were":[204],"not":[205],"train":[208],"network.":[210],"showed":[212],"network":[215],"able":[217],"correctly":[219],"unknown":[221],"in":[223],"shorter":[225],"period":[226],"than":[227],"industry":[229],"standard":[230],"24":[232],"hours,":[233],"providing":[235],"potential":[237],"benefit":[238],"agriculture":[241],"industry.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
