{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155205139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","title":"Pitfalls and risks of generative AI in machine learning","display_name":"Pitfalls and risks of generative AI in machine learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155205139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42130945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049325379","display_name":"Michael A. Lones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Lones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-9896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049325379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":{"value":8900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":8900},"apc_paid":{"value":8900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":8900},"fwci":9.7346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97750387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"101534","last_page":"101534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.1728000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.1728000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09459999948740005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.06530000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.23819999396800995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.23170000314712524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5681999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.23819999396800995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.23170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.22360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2160000056028366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42130945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42130945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13161683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161683/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Patterns (N Y)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2026.101534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092541244","https://openalex.org/W4321021726","https://openalex.org/W4385576721","https://openalex.org/W4390590855","https://openalex.org/W4391709246","https://openalex.org/W4396541948","https://openalex.org/W4399054066","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4399893156","https://openalex.org/W4400229705","https://openalex.org/W4400949264","https://openalex.org/W4401587065","https://openalex.org/W4401951602","https://openalex.org/W4402057292","https://openalex.org/W4402553424","https://openalex.org/W4403063382","https://openalex.org/W4403913792","https://openalex.org/W4404908721","https://openalex.org/W4405021351","https://openalex.org/W4405424327","https://openalex.org/W4405865167","https://openalex.org/W4406152263","https://openalex.org/W4406610744","https://openalex.org/W4406852347","https://openalex.org/W4406890462","https://openalex.org/W4406939986","https://openalex.org/W4406949222","https://openalex.org/W4407551092","https://openalex.org/W4407639559","https://openalex.org/W4407832526","https://openalex.org/W4408126247","https://openalex.org/W4408256269","https://openalex.org/W4408343473","https://openalex.org/W4408779153","https://openalex.org/W4409269128","https://openalex.org/W4410202262","https://openalex.org/W4410491430","https://openalex.org/W4411121371","https://openalex.org/W4411952500","https://openalex.org/W4412841025","https://openalex.org/W4412930207","https://openalex.org/W4413279034","https://openalex.org/W4414037010","https://openalex.org/W4414333247","https://openalex.org/W4415996450","https://openalex.org/W6967053216"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"generative":[1,97],"AI":[2,98],"approaches-including":[3],"large":[4],"language":[5,83],"models":[6,9],"and":[7,44,57,59,76,84,122],"foundation":[8],"more":[10],"generally-are":[11],"increasingly":[12],"part":[13],"of":[14,54,70,108,114,120],"machine":[15],"learning":[16],"(ML)":[17],"workflows.":[18],"This":[19,48],"brings":[20],"new":[21,25],"opportunities":[22],"but":[23],"also":[24],"ways":[26,94],"in":[27,81,95,102],"which":[28,96],"things":[29],"can":[30],"go":[31],"wrong,":[32],"including":[33],"challenges":[34],"around":[35],"evaluation,":[36],"security,":[37],"data":[38],"provenance,":[39],"technical":[40],"debt,":[41],"regulatory":[42],"compliance,":[43],"hidden":[45],"financial":[46],"costs.":[47],"tutorial":[49],"gives":[50],"a":[51,106,112,118],"concise":[52],"overview":[53],"emerging":[55],"pitfalls":[56],"risks":[58],"offers":[60],"guidance":[61],"on":[62],"how":[63],"to":[64],"navigate":[65],"them,":[66],"with":[67],"the":[68],"aim":[69],"helping":[71],"readers":[72],"make":[73],"informed":[74],"decisions":[75],"avoid":[77],"costly":[78],"mistakes.":[79],"Written":[80],"plain":[82],"assuming":[85],"no":[86],"deep":[87],"prior":[88],"knowledge,":[89],"it":[90],"explores":[91],"four":[92],"key":[93],"is":[99],"currently":[100],"applied":[101],"ML":[103,109,115],"workflows:":[104],"as":[105,111,117,123],"component":[107],"pipelines,":[110,116],"designer":[113],"synthesizer":[119],"data,":[121],"an":[124],"analyst.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}