{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224692989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","title":"Data science, human intelligence, and therapeutics discovery: An interview with Sean Escola, Saul Kato, and Pavan Ramkumar","display_name":"Data science, human intelligence, and therapeutics discovery: An interview with Sean Escola, Saul Kato, and Pavan Ramkumar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224692989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2666389922000757/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2666389922000757/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078365445","display_name":"Pavan Ramkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-0727"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Ramkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016124697","display_name":"Saul Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-8306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saul Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA","Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020984279","display_name":"G. Sean Escola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-1964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Sean Escola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA","Zuckerman Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Herophilus, Inc, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zuckerman Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016124697","https://openalex.org/A5020984279"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":5200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5200},"apc_paid":{"value":5200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5200},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02727617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"100490","last_page":"100490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8751999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8399999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6217023730278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5898979306221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.4817362129688263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46757274866104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45571374893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4543120861053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4284578263759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3717527389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20147821307182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1510707139968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11151519417762756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6217023730278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5898979306221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.4817362129688263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46757274866104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45571374893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4543120861053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4284578263759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3717527389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20147821307182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1510707139968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11151519417762756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2666389922000757/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35465229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9023890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9023890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Patterns (N Y)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100490","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2666389922000757/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198061","display_name":"Patterns","issn_l":"2666-3899","issn":["2666-3899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patterns","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224692989.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3163979969","https://openalex.org/W4225490240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994176440","https://openalex.org/W2510575233","https://openalex.org/W2481749367","https://openalex.org/W830718730","https://openalex.org/W2495367848","https://openalex.org/W2793477322","https://openalex.org/W4236720793","https://openalex.org/W1992228662","https://openalex.org/W4246786946","https://openalex.org/W2503931704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sean":[0,60,120,2768],"Escola,":[1,61],"Saul":[2,62,521,2674],"Kato,":[3,63],"and":[4,37,51,64,97,111,140,145,160,186,200,204,207,211,236,297,343,362,387,422,442,454,506,536,594,636,676,679,695,735,778,803,835,844,876,900,948,1016,1019,1050,1057,1104,1223,1286,1403,1433,1462,1475,1582,1604,1610,1628,1640,1707,1753,1783,1799,1815,1832,1915,2009,2015,2025,2029,2068,2081,2107,2159,2190,2223,2226,2234,2276,2315,2319,2326,2418,2436,2440,2457,2466,2488,2623,2639,2663,2678,2711,2721,2727,2756,2780,2794,2802,2832,2844,2851,2895,2907,2921,2995,3015],"Pavan":[5,65,657,2010,2294,2873],"Ramkumar":[6,66,1963,2011,2371,2874],"explain":[7,67,2239],"the":[8,25,68,85,128,131,135,147,165,193,244,292,299,302,320,326,351,355,365,396,399,437,473,501,507,515,585,613,617,630,721,768,800,857,904,907,949,967,990,1012,1025,1044,1060,1096,1121,1144,1155,1195,1204,1215,1232,1258,1280,1289,1312,1326,1341,1352,1388,1421,1424,1491,1504,1561,1577,1619,1623,1661,1669,1719,1754,1790,1818,1830,1845,1893,1906,1918,1934,1941,1975,2004,2013,2023,2031,2037,2075,2096,2105,2111,2121,2127,2153,2182,2194,2214,2218,2242,2285,2288,2303,2332,2335,2347,2363,2383,2432,2489,2643,2656,2672,2688,2698,2736,2739,2775,2781,2792,2818,2830,2926,2936,2968],"importance":[9,69,2515],"of":[10,70,137,158,164,181,189,195,243,247,279,288,294,301,304,353,395,398,416,439,443,503,509,517,584,616,619,632,667,723,733,751,896,914,937,969,1001,1027,1047,1066,1093,1098,1120,1157,1197,1203,1260,1311,1325,1328,1343,1354,1426,1429,1469,1554,1563,1566,1579,1633,1666,1671,1793,1813,1822,1834,1847,1855,1862,1864,1878,1905,1943,2040,2098,2120,2129,2142,2166,2184,2196,2203,2206,2229,2245,2287,2300,2334,2340,2350,2357,2407,2410,2422,2442,2538,2544,2566,2569,2586,2596,2603,2625,2653,2658,2680,2700,2738,2744,2783,2799,2808,2817,2877,2929,2988,3009],"data":[11,36,40,71,96,100,203,349,881,888,1017,1083,1135,1226,1261,1524,1567,1598,1634,1641,1653,1705,1782,1825,1902,2099,2189,2244,2351,2494,2888],"science":[12,72,737,851,1042,1087,1108,1227,1262,1525,1635,1788,2447,2889],"in":[13,34,48,56,73,94,108,116,253,267,271,275,310,350,359,393,410,430,476,565,574,609,691,730,748,767,842,882,892,924,931,966,976,983,989,1008,1024,1124,1165,1181,1186,1239,1269,1319,1387,1392,1439,1448,1510,1534,1622,1673,1718,1726,1796,1844,1903,1949,1974,2065,2078,2084,2187,2236,2241,2251,2255,2366,2382,2427,2459,2482,2499,2528,2541,2575,2648,2707,2716,2724,2729,2774,2814,2829,2842,2848,2857,2867,2886,2903,2915,2919,2935,2960,2977,2991,3000,3012,3020],"their":[14,74,205,448,789],"research.":[15,75,824],"They":[16,76],"have":[17,77,330,368,689,827,1005,1245,1304,2449,2476,2606,2665],"developed":[18,78,1679,1957,2012,2172,2343],"a":[19,79,152,370,381,413,524,556,579,607,626,664,683,716,746,762,806,853,869,893,933,1082,1113,1134,1158,1166,1174,1201,1225,1236,1246,1266,1276,1305,1331,1364,1368,1374,1415,1427,1440,1615,1630,1731,1768,1824,1994,2173,2450,2500,2542,2564,2583,2587,2631,2646,2705,2714,2747,2759,2806,2823,2855,2865,2884,2901,2922,2965,2992,3001],"simple":[20,80,1546],"non-parametric":[21,81],"statistical":[22,82,749,1175,2966],"method":[23,83],"called":[24,84],"Rank-to-Group":[26,86],"(RTG)":[27,87,1953,2970],"score":[28,88,2113],"that":[29,89,133,218,231,250,256,317,401,432,461,478,513,770,1146,1177,1218,1334,1362,1456,1490,1530,1568,1759,1888,1923,2101,2264,2360,2453,2468,2505,2562,2590,2645,2669,2972],"identifies":[30,90],"hierarchical":[31,91],"confounder":[32,54,92,114,1972,2380,2933,3018],"effects":[33,93,2987],"raw":[35,95],"machine":[38,57,98,117,196,1105,1320,1472,1674,1698,1742,2289,2402,2878,2892,2908],"learning-derived":[39,99],"embeddings.":[41,101],"This":[42,102,457,971,1010,1031,1322,1591,1851,1992,2061,2123,2161,2444,3005],"approach":[43,103,1238,3006],"should":[44,104,3007],"be":[45,105,223,464,498,1179,1540,1594,2201,2480,2592,2949,3008],"generally":[46,106],"useful":[47,107,1746],"experiment-analysis":[49,109,3013],"cycles":[50,110,3014],"to":[52,112,124,155,198,255,258,347,406,446,466,490,559,605,611,652,663,672,709,782,786,794,808,856,878,944,953,964,1053,1079,1110,1142,1154,1211,1214,1234,1256,1282,1288,1317,1350,1382,1396,1399,1465,1501,1517,1539,1572,1587,1737,1747,1807,1891,1958,2018,2056,2094,2134,2238,2268,2280,2297,2362,2438,2448,2472,2479,2581,2634,2641,2667,2735,3016],"ensure":[53,113,3017],"robustness":[55,115,3019],"learning":[58,118,197,1473,1977,2290,2385,2403,2879,2893,2909,2938,2945],"models.":[59,119,1519,3022],"Escola:":[121],"I\u2019m":[122,523],"driven":[123],"understand":[125,259,2126],"intelligence:":[126],"how":[127,1516,1895,2049,2230,2271],"brain":[129,356,919,2154],"computes":[130],"functions":[132,163],"permit":[134,514],"range":[136,666],"human":[138,166,375,542,1055,1478,1868],"experience":[139],"behavior.":[141],"Our":[142],"very":[143,544,974,1348],"humanity":[144],"culture\u2014from":[146],"emotions":[148],"felt":[149],"at":[150,334,629,720,774,921,1095,1330,2074,2149,2270,2431,2486,2491,2687,2693,2785,2861,2871,2880],"hearing":[151],"child":[153],"laugh":[154],"great":[156],"works":[157,1764],"art":[159,1672],"literature\u2014are":[161],"computable":[162],"mind.":[167],"Understanding":[168],"this":[169,494,994,1298,1960,2086,2355,2423,2478,2573],"function":[170,361,1792,2158,2801],"space":[171],"will":[172,239,1020,1436,1494,1569,1713],"necessitate":[173],"(1)":[174,1988,2396],"collecting":[175],"large":[176,414,504,1051,2304],"datasets":[177,505,902,1052,1621,2305,2312],"from":[178,481,485,796,1116,1411,1683,1805,1866,1933,2104,2302,2308,2434,2718,2731,2910,2917,2925],"multiple":[179,918,2019,2815],"lines":[180],"inquiry":[182],"across":[183,917,1034,1875],"neuroscience,":[184,932,2416,2859,2904],"psychology,":[185],"other":[187,1463],"fields":[188,1065],"research;":[190],"(2)":[191],"using":[192,819,1048],"tools":[194,512,877,1287,1435,2345],"integrate":[199],"characterize":[201],"those":[202,2135],"interactions;":[206],"(3)":[208],"developing":[209,874],"computational":[210,245,341,468,511,661,870,941,1237,1284,1306,2408,2588,2858],"mathematical":[212],"frameworks":[213],"within":[214,2622],"which":[215,373,1125,1405,2256,2956],"quantitative":[216,2348],"theories":[217],"describe":[219],"neural":[220,248,260,281,289,378,417,474,752,1580,2188,2327],"computation":[221,261,290,1581],"can":[222,496,1178,1592,1896,1931,2200,2973],"formulated.":[224],"It":[225,2353],"is":[226,251,264,701,927,1032,1043,1069,1088,1171,1275,1323,1335,1406,1451,1479,1526,1557,1613,1660,1688,1767,1789,1817,1841,1922,2054,2062,2069,2091,2263,2296,2405,2464,2503,2507,2620,2630,2650,2676,2683,2770,2805,2812,2875],"also":[227,714,839,1419,2070,2342,2870],"my":[228,311,338,551,731,833,865,981,986,1449,1522,1738,2147,2167,2484,2521],"strong":[229],"belief":[230],"therapeutics":[232,1611],"discovery":[233,655,678,1612,1973,2381,2934],"for":[234,291,298,383,581,718,788,805,1038,1248,1263,1297,1380,1460,1471,1483,1528,1607,1652,1663,1680,1693,1700,1704,1733,1772,1940,2046,2059,2117,2193,2346,2455,2691,2777],"neurological":[235],"psychiatric":[237],"disorders":[238],"need":[240,1586],"an":[241,331,568,644,702,739,811,1089,1294,1480,1760,1842,2118,2508,2526,2684,2722,2771,2913],"understanding":[242,287,295,583,1022,1452,2585],"nature":[246,1578],"processing":[249],"similar":[252,1365],"richness":[254,397],"needed":[257,952,1890],"itself.":[262],"That":[263,814],"because":[265,641,1119,1192,2089,2577],"symptoms\u2014hallucinations":[266],"schizophrenia,":[268],"memory":[269],"deficits":[270,274],"Alzheimer\u2019s,":[272],"social":[273],"autism\u2014are":[276],"fundamentally":[277,1172],"expressions":[278],"faulty":[280],"computation.":[282,1708],"These":[283,726,957,2311],"two":[284,314,596,727],"professional":[285],"drives\u2014the":[286],"sake":[293,300],"itself":[296],"development":[303,1353],"novel,":[305],"more":[306],"efficacious":[307],"therapeutics\u2014have":[308],"manifested":[309],"career":[312,867,982,2619],"having":[313],"different":[315],"prongs":[316],"nonetheless":[318],"share":[319],"foundational":[321],"core":[322],"described":[323],"above.":[324],"Along":[325,364],"first":[327,552,798,1755,1999],"prong,":[328],"I":[329,367,531,549,572,588,624,659,688,713,759,826,847,860,979,1075,1130,1372,1377,1385,1390,1409,1418,1488,1709,1757,1762,2021,2171,2475,2571,2627],"academic":[332,866],"lab":[333,628,2148],"Columbia":[335,1302,2487,2719,2786],"University":[336,631,2720],"where":[337,898,2170,2695,2810],"group":[339,936],"builds":[340],"models":[342,1474,2228,2273,2798,2947],"collaborates":[344],"with":[345,487,576,745,962,1072,1279,1401,1596,1870,2614,2854],"experimentalists":[346,963,1015],"analyze":[348],"service":[352],"investigating":[354],"circuits":[357],"involved":[358,2813],"motor":[360,2157,2208,2221,2224,2546,2597,2800],"learning.":[363,1106,1321,2160,2803],"second,":[366],"co-founded":[369,639],"company,":[371],"Herophilus,":[372,2284,2809],"uses":[374],"stem":[376,482],"cell-derived":[377],"organoids":[379,477,1865],"as":[380,425,427,436,578,682,738,868,1112,1133,1224,1265,1360,1765,1912,2132,2204,2217,2594],"platform":[382],"phenotyping":[384,2330],"disease":[385,469,1583,1608,2281,2301],"states":[386],"testing":[388],"pharmaceuticals.":[389],"Organoids":[390],"are":[391,433,455,479,887,903,1220,1457,1536,1625,1926,2102,2266,2425,2496,2579,2609,2957],"incredible":[392],"terms":[394],"biology":[400,1216,1264,1535,1606],"they":[402,404],"exhibit:":[403],"grow":[405],"about":[407,724,1059,1173],"1\u20132":[408],"mm":[409],"diameter,":[411],"contain":[412],"complement":[415],"cell":[418,1603],"types":[419],"including":[420,2322,2413],"excitatory":[421],"inhibitory":[423],"neurons":[424,449,915],"well":[426],"astrocytes,":[428],"assemble":[429],"layers":[431,438],"molecularly":[434],"identifiable":[435],"cerebral":[440],"cortex,":[441],"greatest":[444],"interest":[445],"me,":[447],"wire":[450],"up":[451,533,1398,1648,2612],"into":[452,1576],"networks":[453],"active.":[456],"final":[458],"point":[459],"means":[460],"it":[462,1068,1126,1153,1193,1345,1779,2017,2502,2629],"may":[463,2948],"possible":[465],"identify":[467,1132,2974],"phenotypes":[470,2299],"by":[471,591,742,1338,1548,1809,1909,2072,2137,2293,2753,2764,2791,2951],"comparing":[472],"activity":[475],"cultured":[480],"cells":[483],"derived":[484],"patients":[486,2828],"particular":[488,2576],"diseases":[489],"healthy":[491],"controls.":[492],"However,":[493,988,2083],"promise":[495],"only":[497,1593],"realized":[499,1887],"through":[500],"collection":[502],"application":[508],"sophisticated":[510],"characterization":[516],"these":[518,1711,1901,2231,2249],"complex":[519,946,1049,1543,2961],"data.":[520,970,1836,1849],"Kato:":[522],"computer":[525,711,736,1100,1639,2414,2708,2845,2849],"scientist":[526,871],"turned":[527,529],"physicist":[528],"neuroscientist.":[530],"grew":[532,2164],"programming":[534],"computers":[535],"wondering":[537],"why":[538,1453],"we":[539,642,1162,1219,1303,1314,1531,1585,1859,1882,1885,1889,1897,1947,1956,2026,2151,2265,2306,2337,2578,2983],"couldn\u2019t":[540],"emulate":[541],"intelligence":[543,1486,1497],"well.":[545],"In":[546,756,1340,1521,1741,2146],"third":[547],"grade,":[548],"designed":[550],"software":[553,671,1102,1637,2750],"app":[554],"AutoTessellator,":[555],"drawing":[557],"program":[558,2163],"make":[560],"Escher-like":[561],"plane":[562],"tilings,":[563],"written":[564],"LOGO":[566],"on":[567,818,873,1367,1515,1750,1780,2213,2613],"Apple":[569],"II.":[570],"Then":[571],"fell":[573],"love":[575,717],"physics":[577,797,2730],"quest":[580],"ground-truth":[582],"universe.":[586],"But":[587],"was":[589,793,852,973,1503,1509,1993,2048,2354,2563,2742],"distracted":[590],"Silicon":[592],"Valley":[593],"founded":[595],"tech":[597],"startups":[598],"over":[599,2261],"10":[600,1430,1434],"years,":[601,993],"before":[602],"going":[603,1735,1804],"back":[604,1500,1736],"get":[606,1143],"PhD":[608,834,2715,2902],"neurobiology":[610,2717],"study":[612,710,732,2152,2195,2737],"deep":[614,1574],"mystery":[615],"power":[618],"biological":[620,668,1167,2897,3003],"brains\u2014another":[621],"understand-the-universe":[622],"question.":[623],"started":[625],"neuroscience":[627,984,1307],"California,":[633],"San":[634],"Francisco,":[635],"shortly":[637],"thereafter":[638],"Herophilus":[640,1858,2401,2664],"saw":[643],"opportunity\u2014an":[645],"obligation,":[646],"really\u2014to":[647],"leverage":[648],"recent":[649],"technology":[650],"breakthroughs":[651],"do":[653,673,1131,1466],"drug":[654,686],"\u201cright.\u201d":[656],"Ramkumar:":[658],"apply":[660],"methods":[662,875,1285,1402,2058],"wide":[665],"areas,":[669],"develop":[670],"so":[674,1458],"scalably,":[675],"drive":[677],"decision":[680],"making":[681,1800],"consequence.":[684],"Before":[685,2733],"discovery,":[687],"worked":[690],"cybersecurity":[692],"risk":[693],"modeling":[694,750,1609,2174],"systems":[696,2250],"neuroscience.":[697,883,1039],"SE:":[698,884,1137,1300,1443,1520,1723,1850,1991,2042,2145,2399,2462,2518,2616],"My":[699,791,2617],"father":[700],"electrical":[703,2725],"engineer":[704],"who":[705,1413,2247],"always":[706,1729],"encouraged":[707],"me":[708,816,1734,2047,2125],"science.":[712,1253,1599],"discovered":[715],"chemistry":[719],"age":[722,895,1846],"12.":[725],"paths":[728],"converged":[729],"biochemistry":[734,2843],"undergraduate,":[740],"followed":[741,2611],"MD-PhD":[743,2852],"degrees":[744,2841,2853],"thesis":[747,2856],"network":[753],"activity.":[754],"SK:":[755,1040,1241,1827],"high":[757,783],"school":[758,784],"won":[760],"Super-Quest,":[761],"wonderful":[763],"Westinghouse/Intel/Regeneron-like":[764],"research":[765,1508,2162,2364,2485,2490],"contest":[766],"90s":[769],"awarded":[771],"summer":[772],"stints":[773],"NSF":[775],"supercomputing":[776],"centers":[777],"free":[779],"supercomputer":[780],"time":[781,1756,2262],"students":[785,1004,2638],"use":[787,3011],"projects.":[790],"project":[792,1852],"compute,":[795],"principles,":[799],"fastest":[801],"strategy":[802],"path":[804],"racecar":[807],"take":[809,1373,1414],"given":[810],"arbitrary":[812],"course.":[813],"got":[815],"hooked":[817],"computers\u2014big,":[820],"heavy":[821],"metal":[822],"machines\u2014for":[823],"PK:":[825,1085,1273,1371,1600,1786],"had":[828,861,939,2003],"several":[829,840,1664,2567,2601],"influences,":[830],"most":[831,1445,1819,2092],"notably":[832],"postdoc":[836,2522],"advisors":[837],"but":[838,1668],"peers":[841,1412],"former":[843],"current":[845],"teams":[846],"work":[848,859,1391,2258,2359],"in.":[849],"Data":[850,1041,1086,1107,1787],"natural":[854,1681],"transition":[855,1645],"applied":[858,1180,2016],"been":[862,1347,1678,1730,2607],"doing":[863],"throughout":[864],"focused":[872],"interpret":[879],"experimental":[880,1879,2243,2429,2473,2509,2989],"All":[885],"scientists":[886,1018,2409,2495],"scientists.":[889,1654],"We":[890,1138,1188,1254,2210,2963],"live":[891],"golden":[894],"experimentation":[897,2439],"tera-":[899],"peta-scale":[901],"norm,":[905],"not":[906,1036,1184,1336,1589],"exception.":[908],"For":[909,1560,1655],"example,":[910],"recording":[911],"many":[912,1454,1876,1929,1937,2344],"thousands":[913,1863],"simultaneously":[916],"regions":[920,2232],"sub-millisecond":[922],"resolution":[923],"behaving":[925],"animals":[926,1464],"becoming":[928,1070],"routine.":[929],"Historically":[930],"relatively":[934],"rarified":[935],"individuals":[938,958],"high-quality":[940,1355],"skills\u2014i.e.,":[942],"ability":[943],"code":[945,1727,1749,2014],"algorithms":[947,1725],"good":[950,1597],"practices":[951],"generate":[954],"shareable":[955],"software.":[956],"would":[959],"then":[960,1776],"collaborate":[961],"assist":[965],"interpretation":[968,2441],"pattern":[972],"much":[975],"place":[977],"when":[978,1506],"began":[980],"during":[985],"PhD.":[987],"past":[991],"20":[992],"picture":[995],"has":[996,1346,1646,1676,1728,2259,2704,2883],"changed":[997],"substantially.":[998],"Almost":[999],"all":[1000,1064,1900,2027,2860],"our":[1002,1140,1169,1950,2034,2257,2272,2309,2358,2367,2446,2460,2604,2635],"incoming":[1003],"formal":[1006],"training":[1007],"programming.":[1009],"obviates":[1011],"split":[1013],"between":[1014],"accelerate":[1021],"especially":[1023],"setting":[1026],"massive":[1028],"modern":[1029],"datasets.":[1030,2962],"true":[1033,2481],"science,":[1035,1067,1101,2415,2709,2846,2850],"just":[1037,1185],"methodological":[1045],"field":[1046,1268,1687],"derive":[1054],"insight":[1056,1575],"knowledge":[1058],"world.":[1061],"Across":[1062],"virtually":[1063],"synonymous":[1071],"simply":[1073],"\u201cscientist.\u201d":[1074],"am":[1076],"perfectly":[1077],"happy":[1078],"call":[1080],"myself":[1081],"scientist.":[1084,1136,1826],"approximately":[1090],"15-year-old":[1091],"discipline":[1092,1115],"practice":[1094],"confluence":[1097],"statistics,":[1099],"engineering,":[1103],"needs":[1109],"exist":[1111],"distinct":[1114],"its":[1117,1270,1511],"antecedents":[1118],"specific":[1122],"ways":[1123],"combines":[1127],"them.":[1128],"Yes,":[1129],"wanted":[1139,1255],"story":[1141],"treatment":[1145],"journal":[1147,1278],"publication":[1148],"permits,":[1149],"rather":[1150,1393],"than":[1151,1394],"limiting":[1152],"framework":[1156],"conference":[1159],"proceeding.":[1160],"While":[1161,2329],"considered":[1163],"publishing":[1164],"journal,":[1168,1228],"paper":[1170],"technique":[1176,1946],"any":[1182,2978],"domain,":[1183],"biology.":[1187],"ultimately":[1189],"chose":[1190],"Patterns":[1191,1208,1229,1274,2368],"provides":[1194],"best":[1196],"both":[1198,1703,2483,2621],"worlds.":[1199],"As":[1200,1881,2822],"member":[1202],"Cell":[1205,1242,1290,2529],"Press":[1206,1243,1291],"family,":[1207],"allowed":[1209],"us":[1210,1231,1571],"remain":[1212,1467],"close":[1213],"community":[1217],"part":[1221,2595],"of,":[1222],"afforded":[1230],"opportunity":[1233,1366],"discuss":[1235],"detail.":[1240],"journals":[1244],"reputation":[1247],"rigorous,":[1249],"cutting-edge,":[1250],"high-impact":[1251],"life":[1252],"support":[1257],"recognition":[1259],"major":[1267],"own":[1271,2618],"right.":[1272],"new":[1277,1691],"mission":[1281],"bring":[1283],"readership":[1292],"community,":[1293],"ideal":[1295],"venue":[1296],"work.":[1299,2570],"At":[1301,1857,2283],"weekly":[1308],"seminar.":[1309],"Many":[1310],"talks":[1313],"host":[1315],"relate":[1316],"advances":[1318,1712],"one":[1324],"advantages":[1327],"being":[1329,1558,1823,2610],"top":[1332],"institution":[1333],"shared":[1337],"many.":[1339],"wake":[1342],"COVID-19,":[1344],"exciting":[1349],"see":[1351,1495,1758],"virtual":[1356],"seminar":[1357],"series":[1358],"such":[1359,1911],"WorldWideNeuro":[1361],"provide":[1363,2278],"global":[1369],"scale.":[1370],"top-down":[1375],"approach.":[1376,1417],"go":[1378],"looking":[1379,2073],"ideas":[1381],"solve":[1383],"problems":[1384,1432,1651],"face":[1386],"domains":[1389],"trying":[1395],"stay":[1397],"date":[1400],"tools,":[1404],"increasingly":[1407],"impossible.":[1408],"learn":[1410,2235],"bottom-up":[1416],"like":[1420,2572],"Feynman":[1422],"method:":[1423],"intersection":[1425],"bag":[1428],"open":[1431],"eventually":[1437],"result":[1438],"novel":[1441],"application.":[1442],"The":[1444,1477,1643,1686,1920,1945,1998,2400],"pressing":[1446],"question,":[1447],"opinion,":[1450],"tasks":[1455],"easy":[1459],"humans":[1461],"out":[1468,1854,2039,2165,2339],"reach":[1470],"robots.":[1476],"existence":[1481],"proof":[1482],"artificial":[1484,1496,1751],"general":[1485,3010],"(AI).":[1487],"believe":[1489,1710,2628],"coming":[1492],"years":[1493,2568],"researchers":[1498],"turn":[1499],"neuroscience\u2014as":[1502],"case":[1505],"AI":[1507],"infancy\u2014to":[1512],"gain":[1513,1573],"insights":[1514],"improve":[1518],"field,":[1523],"necessary":[1527],"everything":[1529],"do.":[1532],"Datasets":[1533],"too":[1537],"big":[1538,1769,1848,2044],"interpreted":[1541],"without":[1542],"tools.":[1544],"Furthermore,":[1545],"analyses":[1547],"necessity":[1549],"yield":[1550],"highly":[1551],"reductionistic":[1552],"views":[1553],"whatever":[1555],"process":[1556],"studied.":[1559],"kinds":[1562,1665],"subtle":[1564],"characterizations":[1565],"enable":[1570],"processes,":[1584],"integrate,":[1588],"reduce.":[1590],"done":[1595],"Biology,":[1601],"particularly":[1602],"molecular":[1605],"experiencing":[1614],"rapid":[1616],"industrialization.":[1617],"Therefore,":[1618],"rich":[1620],"domain":[1624],"scaling":[1626,1632],"rapidly":[1627],"require":[1629],"concomitant":[1631],"(algorithms,":[1636],"architecture,":[1638],"infrastructure).":[1642],"ongoing":[1644],"opened":[1647],"previously":[1649,2985],"unsolved":[1650],"instance,":[1656],"multi-channel":[1657],"ultra-high-resolution":[1658,1701],"imaging":[1659,2321],"norm":[1662],"immunofluorescence,":[1667],"state":[1670,2185],"vision":[1675,1699],"primarily":[1677,2211],"images":[1682],"commodity":[1684],"cameras.":[1685],"therefore":[1689,2108],"inventing":[1690],"standards":[1692,1717],"microscopy,":[1694],"adapting":[1695],"or":[1696,2511,2608],"reinventing":[1697],"imaging,":[1702],"management":[1706],"converge":[1714],"toward":[1715],"industry":[1716,2649],"next":[1720],"2\u20133":[1721],"years.":[1722],"Implementing":[1724],"thrill":[1732],"undergraduate":[1739,2840],"days.":[1740],"learning,":[1743],"it\u2019s":[1744],"often":[1745],"test":[1748],"data,":[1752,2317],"algorithm":[1761],"implemented":[1763],"expected":[1766],"dopamine":[1770],"releaser":[1771],"me.":[1773],"Of":[1774],"course,":[1775],"you":[1777],"try":[1778],"real":[1781,1995],"nothing":[1784],"works.":[1785],"central":[1791],"organizations":[1794],"interested":[1795],"seeking":[1797],"truth":[1798],"informed":[1801],"decisions.":[1802],"Iteratively":[1803],"ambiguity":[1806],"clarity":[1808],"bringing":[1810],"together":[1811],"dozens":[1812,1877],"techniques":[1814],"disciplines":[1816],"exhilarating":[1820],"aspect":[1821],"Always":[1828],"scrutinize":[1829],"quality":[1831],"relevance":[1833],"your":[1835],"\u201cGarbage":[1837],"in,":[1838],"garbage":[1839],"out\u201d":[1840],"axiom":[1843],"arose":[1853],"necessity.":[1856],"culture":[1860],"hundreds":[1861],"\u223c1,000":[1867],"donors,":[1869],"\u223c10":[1871],"clones":[1872,1930],"per":[1873],"donor,":[1874,1913],"batches.":[1880],"scaled":[1883],"up,":[1884],"immediately":[1886],"answer":[1892],"question:":[1894],"meaningfully":[1898],"compare":[1899],"light":[1904],"variability":[1907,2999],"introduced":[1908,2497],"factors":[1910,1925],"clone,":[1914],"batch":[1916],"swamping":[1917],"signal?":[1919],"challenge":[1921],"certain":[1924],"hierarchically":[1927,2952],"organized\u2014e.g.,":[1928],"come":[1932],"same":[1935],"donor\u2014obviating":[1936],"existing":[1938],"approaches":[1939],"assessment":[1942,2349],"bias.":[1944],"present":[1948,2959,2964],"article\u2014the":[1951],"rank-to-group":[1952,2969],"score\u2014is":[1954],"what":[1955],"handle":[1959],"issue.1Rogozhnikov":[1961],"A.":[1962,2370],"P.":[1964,2372],"Bedi":[1965,2008,2373],"R.":[1966,2374],"Kato":[1967,2375,2675],"S.":[1968,2376,2535],"Escola":[1969,2377,2534,2769,2826,2837],"G.S.":[1970,2378],"Hierarchical":[1971,2379,2932],"experiment-machine":[1976,2384,2937],"cycle.Patterns.":[1978,2386],"2022;":[1979,2387],"3:":[1980,2388],"100451Abstract":[1981,2389],"Full":[1982,1984,2390,2392,2552,2554],"Text":[1983,1985,2391,2393,2553,2555],"PDF":[1986,2394,2556,3024],"Scopus":[1987,2395,2558],"Google":[1989,2397,2560],"Scholar":[1990,2398,2561],"team":[1996,2404,2424],"effort.":[1997],"author,":[2000],"Alex":[2001],"Rogozhnikov,":[2002],"initial":[2005],"idea;":[2006],"Rishi":[2007],"datasets;":[2020],"did":[2022],"analytics;":[2024],"conceptualized":[2028],"wrote":[2030],"paper.":[2032],"And":[2033],"biologists":[2035],"\u201cbeta-tested\u201d":[2036],"heck":[2038],"it.":[2041],"A":[2043,2140],"surprise":[2045],"noise":[2050,2090],"robust":[2051],"RTG":[2052,2112,2981],"scoring":[2053],"compared":[2055],"linear":[2057,2177],"example.":[2060],"explicitly":[2063],"shown":[2064],"Figure":[2066,2115],"3":[2067],"clear":[2071],"confidence":[2076],"intervals":[2077],"Figures":[2079],"5":[2080],"6.":[2082],"retrospect":[2085],"makes":[2087],"sense":[2088],"likely":[2093],"affect":[2095,2110],"ordering":[2097],"points":[2100],"far":[2103],"\u201cquery\u201d":[2106],"don\u2019t":[2109],"(see":[2114],"1":[2116],"illustration":[2119],"algorithm).":[2122],"helped":[2124],"strength":[2128],"rank-based":[2130],"statistics":[2131],"opposed":[2133],"defined":[2136],"continuous":[2138],"measures.":[2139],"ton":[2141],"Slack":[2143],"emojis!":[2144],"Columbia,":[2150],"computations":[2155],"underlying":[2156],"graduate":[2168],"studies":[2169,2796],"framework\u2014the":[2175],"generalized":[2176],"model/hidden":[2178],"Markov":[2179],"model\u2014that":[2180],"permits":[2181],"inference":[2183],"switches":[2186],"thus":[2191],"allows":[2192,2445],"sequencing.":[2197],"Motor":[2198],"behaviors":[2199],"thought":[2202],"sequences":[2205],"primitive":[2207],"elements.":[2209],"focus":[2212,2286,2333],"structures":[2215],"known":[2216],"basal":[2219],"ganglia,":[2220],"thalamus,":[2222],"cortex":[2225],"construct":[2227],"interact":[2233],"order":[2237],"features":[2240,2602],"colleagues":[2246],"probe":[2248],"animals.":[2252],"One":[2253],"way":[2254],"evolved":[2260],"beginning":[2267],"look":[2269],"might":[2274],"dysfunction":[2275],"thereby":[2277],"hints":[2279],"phenomenology.":[2282],"group,":[2291,2336],"led":[2292,2361],"Ramkumar,":[2295],"infer":[2298],"collect":[2307],"organoids.":[2310],"include":[2313],"transcriptomic":[2314],"proteomic":[2316],"cellular-":[2318],"tissue-level":[2320],"whole":[2323],"cleared":[2324],"organoids,":[2325],"recordings.":[2328],"remains":[2331],"have,":[2338],"necessity,":[2341],"quality.":[2352],"thrust":[2356],"presented":[2365],"article.1Rogozhnikov":[2369],"composed":[2406],"various":[2411],"backgrounds":[2412],"physics,":[2417,2710],"bioengineering.":[2419],"Importantly,":[2420],"members":[2421],"embedded":[2426],"every":[2428],"effort":[2430],"company":[2433,2751,2762],"conception":[2435],"planning":[2437],"results.":[2443,2461],"data-first":[2451],"ethos":[2452],"optimizes":[2454],"reliability":[2456],"replicability":[2458],"Collaboration":[2463],"key":[2465],"ideally":[2467],"collaboration":[2469],"begins":[2470],"prior":[2471],"design.":[2474],"seen":[2477],"Herophilus.":[2492,2681,2881],"When":[2493],"later":[2498],"project,":[2501],"inevitable":[2504],"there":[2506],"tweak":[2510],"additional":[2512],"control":[2513,2537],"whose":[2514],"becomes":[2516],"apparent.":[2517],"Last":[2519],"year,":[2520],"Laureline":[2523],"Logiaco":[2524],"published":[2525],"article":[2527,2574],"Reports2Logiaco":[2530],"L.":[2531],"Abbott":[2532],"L.F.":[2533],"Thalamic":[2536],"cortical":[2539],"dynamics":[2540],"model":[2543,2605],"flexible":[2545],"sequencing.Cell":[2547],"Rep.":[2548],"2021;":[2549],"35:":[2550],"109090https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109090Abstract":[2551],"PubMed":[2557],"(8)":[2559],"culmination":[2565],"able":[2580],"offer":[2582],"theoretical":[2584],"problem":[2589],"must":[2591],"solved":[2593],"sequence":[2598],"generation.":[2599],"Excitingly,":[2600],"experiments.":[2615],"outside":[2624],"academia.":[2626],"huge":[2632],"disservice":[2633],"incredibly":[2636],"talented":[2637],"postdocs":[2640],"perpetuate":[2642],"conceit":[2644],"job":[2647],"some":[2651],"kind":[2652],"failure.":[2654],"Happily,":[2655],"success":[2657],"Deepmind,":[2659],"Meta":[2660],"Control":[2661],"Labs,":[2662],"begun":[2666],"attenuate":[2668],"pejorative.":[2670],"About":[2671],"authors":[2673],"co-founder":[2677,2807],"CEO":[2679],"He":[2682,2703,2804,2863,2882,2899],"assistant":[2685,2772],"professor":[2686,2773],"Weill":[2689],"Institute":[2690,2928],"Neurosciences":[2692],"UCSF":[2694],"he":[2696,2741,2811],"heads":[2697],"Foundations":[2699],"Cognition":[2701],"lab.":[2702],"background":[2706,2885],"neurobiology,":[2712],"holding":[2713],"MS":[2723],"engineering":[2726],"BS":[2728],"Stanford.":[2732],"moving":[2734],"brain,":[2740],"founder":[2743],"Sven":[2745],"Technologies,":[2746],"3D":[2748],"graphics":[2749],"acquired":[2752,2763],"Dassault":[2754],"Systemes,":[2755],"WideRay":[2757],"Corp.,":[2758],"wireless":[2760],"infrastructure":[2761],"Dimensional":[2765],"Associates.":[2766],"G.":[2767],"Center":[2776],"Theoretical":[2778],"Neuroscience":[2779],"Department":[2782],"Psychiatry":[2784],"University.":[2787],"His":[2788],"research,":[2789],"funded":[2790],"NIH":[2793],"NSF,":[2795],"circuit":[2797],"aspects":[2816],"company\u2019s":[2819]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
