{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163352033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","title":"Representation-centric survey of supervised skeletal action recognition and the new benchmark","display_name":"Representation-centric survey of supervised skeletal action recognition and the new benchmark","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163352033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137782005","display_name":"Yang Liu (4829)","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","School of Computing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137751222","display_name":"Jiyao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9288-4332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9288-4332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137773646","display_name":"Madhawa Perera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhawa Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137764450","display_name":"Pan Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["OPPO US Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OPPO US Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357240","display_name":"Dongwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-3066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137745767","display_name":"Min Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-5177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137805778","display_name":"Tianyang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia","School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137752541","display_name":"Saeed Anwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137803863","display_name":"Tom Gedeon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Gedeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137755555","display_name":"Lei Wang (6656)","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-7099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia","School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-7099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61/CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025229672","display_name":"Zhenyue Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3471-6280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyue Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3471-6280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025229672","https://openalex.org/A5137755555","https://openalex.org/A5137805778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301","https://openalex.org/I118347636","https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I32971472","https://openalex.org/I42894916"],"apc_list":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"apc_paid":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6922545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"180","issue":null,"first_page":"114140","last_page":"114140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.7387999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.7387999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.0333000011742115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-recognition","display_name":"Action recognition","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.358599990606308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7213000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987834672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Action recognition","level":3,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312169","display_name":"National Computational Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04yx6dh41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326768","display_name":"Government of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00wqdbc63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2810685774","https://openalex.org/W2905571172","https://openalex.org/W2944006115","https://openalex.org/W2950568498","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W2996835428","https://openalex.org/W3044326989","https://openalex.org/W3115431207","https://openalex.org/W4200633254","https://openalex.org/W4221166048","https://openalex.org/W4321769488","https://openalex.org/W4324135644","https://openalex.org/W4361247902","https://openalex.org/W4393147901","https://openalex.org/W4408211926","https://openalex.org/W4409366513"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0],"skeletal":[1,54],"action":[2,55,149,197],"recognition":[3,145,198],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,49,94,126,179,183],"powerful":[8],"alternative":[9],"to":[10,18,99,188],"traditional":[11],"RGB":[12],"and":[13,23,37,72,75,117,120,134,164,182,208],"depth-based":[14],"approaches,":[15],"offering":[16],"robustness":[17],"environmental":[19],"variations,":[20],"computational":[21],"efficiency,":[22],"enhanced":[24],"privacy.":[25],"Despite":[26],"remarkable":[27],"progress,":[28],"current":[29],"research":[30],"remains":[31],"fragmented":[32],"across":[33,147],"diverse":[34,127],"input":[35,63],"representations":[36],"lacks":[38],"evaluation":[39],"under":[40],"scenarios":[41],"that":[42],"reflect":[43],"real-world":[44,202],"challenges.":[45],"This":[46,175],"paper":[47],"presents":[48],"representation-centric":[50],"review":[51],"of":[52,129,139,160,193],"supervised":[53],"recognition,":[56],"systematically":[57],"categorizing":[58],"state-of-the-art":[59,130],"methods":[60],"by":[61],"their":[62],"feature":[64,142],"types:":[65],"joint":[66],"coordinates,":[67],"bone":[68],"vectors,":[69],"motion":[70],"flows,":[71],"extended":[73],"representations,":[74],"analyzing":[76],"how":[77,140],"these":[78],"choices":[79],"influence":[80],"spatiotemporal":[81],"modeling":[82],"strategies.":[83,174],"Building":[84],"on":[85,132],"the":[86,158,167,190],"insights":[87],"from":[88],"this":[89],"review,":[90],"we":[91],"introduce":[92],"ANUBIS,":[93],"large-scale,":[95],"challenging":[96],"dataset":[97],"designed":[98],"address":[100],"critical":[101],"gaps":[102],"in":[103],"existing":[104],"benchmarks.":[105],"ANUBIS":[106,133],"incorporates":[107],"multi-view":[108],"recordings":[109],"with":[110],"back-view":[111],"perspectives,":[112],"complex":[113,201],"multi-person":[114],"interactions,":[115],"fine-grained":[116],"violent":[118],"actions,":[119],"contemporary":[121],"social":[122],"behaviors.":[123],"We":[124],"benchmark":[125],"set":[128],"models":[131],"conduct":[135],"an":[136],"in-depth":[137],"analysis":[138],"different":[141],"types":[143],"affect":[144],"performance":[146],"102":[148],"categories.":[150],"Our":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"strong":[154],"action-feature":[155],"dependencies,":[156],"highlight":[157],"limitations":[159],"na\u00efve":[161],"multi-representational":[162],"fusion,":[163],"point":[165],"toward":[166],"need":[168],"for":[169,200],"task-aware,":[170],"semantically":[171],"aligned":[172],"integration":[173],"work":[176],"offers":[177],"both":[178],"comprehensive":[180],"foundation":[181],"practical":[184],"benchmarking":[185,206],"resource,":[186],"aiming":[187],"guide":[189],"next":[191],"generation":[192],"robust,":[194],"generalizable":[195],"skeleton-based":[196],"systems":[199],"scenarios.":[203],"The":[204],"dataset,":[205],"framework,":[207],"code":[209],"are":[210],"available":[211],"at":[212],"https://yliu1082.github.io/ANUBIS/":[213],".":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}