{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160834124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900","title":"Stratify: Rethinking federated learning for non-IID data through balanced sampling","display_name":"Stratify: Rethinking federated learning for non-IID data through balanced sampling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160834124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101224908","display_name":"Hui Yeok Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Yeok Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5915-7527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135834872","display_name":"Chee Kau Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9541-3136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chee Kau Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9541-3136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070805897","display_name":"Chee Seng Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-2865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Seng Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-3459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135834872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"],"apc_list":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86591289,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"180","issue":null,"first_page":"113900","last_page":"113900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.582099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.47749999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.582099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2763549966","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W4292829107","https://openalex.org/W4319831634","https://openalex.org/W4377428060","https://openalex.org/W4385813834","https://openalex.org/W4386453702","https://openalex.org/W4389671650","https://openalex.org/W4390872832","https://openalex.org/W4391806964","https://openalex.org/W4392699793","https://openalex.org/W7133197585"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-05-12T00:00:00"}