{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159665423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","title":"Remote sensing change detection via spatiotemporal multi-scale fusion and optical flow warping","display_name":"Remote sensing change detection via spatiotemporal multi-scale fusion and optical flow warping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159665423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000009010","display_name":"Chunde Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunde Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001762132","display_name":"Kuangrong Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-6161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuangrong Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134957294","display_name":"Bing Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048492871","display_name":"Xue\u2010song Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7594-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue-song Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134947167","display_name":"Lihong Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile and Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134947167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"],"apc_list":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"apc_paid":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61062779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"179","issue":null,"first_page":"113855","last_page":"113855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.8447999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.8447999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.04989999905228615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-warping","display_name":"Image warping","score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.42260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.802299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6026999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107450528","https://openalex.org/W2908320224","https://openalex.org/W2951991161","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2981650297","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3034572008","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3120467244","https://openalex.org/W3132859298","https://openalex.org/W3184566187","https://openalex.org/W3214948528","https://openalex.org/W4213124617","https://openalex.org/W4220686927","https://openalex.org/W4224212608","https://openalex.org/W4313594458","https://openalex.org/W4318681845","https://openalex.org/W4320169083","https://openalex.org/W4384393272","https://openalex.org/W4390452743","https://openalex.org/W4394977181","https://openalex.org/W4402043206","https://openalex.org/W4404055527","https://openalex.org/W4405355780","https://openalex.org/W4405488577"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1],"(RS)":[2],"images":[3],"change":[4],"detection":[5],"(CD)":[6],"is":[7,109,123,152,175,205,237],"essential":[8],"for":[9,224,234],"the":[10,17,38,49,56,83,91,113,146,156,179,197],"surveillance":[11],"and":[12,33,44,61,76,94,118,135,139,202],"prevention":[13],"of":[14,41,58,87,96,188],"geohazards.":[15],"Nevertheless,":[16],"current":[18],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"(DL)-based":[21],"CD":[22],"methods":[23,194],"still":[24,228],"face":[25],"challenges":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"pseudo":[29],"changes,":[30],"missed":[31],"detections,":[32],"edge":[34],"noise":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,54,111,125,154,163,181],"inadequate":[39],"research":[40],"temporal":[42,134,141],"differences":[43],"inconsistent":[45],"viewing":[46],"angles":[47],"between":[48,116,130],"dual-temporal":[50,100],"images.":[51,101],"In":[52],"order":[53,162],"improve":[55,155],"perception":[57],"spatiotemporal":[59,67,73,103,157],"variations":[60],"effectively":[62],"manage":[63,164],"complex":[64,165],"motion":[65,166],"in":[66,99,161],"data,":[68],"this":[69,235],"paper":[70],"proposes":[71],"a":[72,170,215],"multi-scale":[74,104],"fusion":[75,85,95],"optical":[77,147],"flow":[78,148],"warping":[79],"network":[80,180,190],"(SMOW-Net).":[81],"Initially,":[82],"internal":[84],"property":[86],"3D":[88],"convolution":[89],"enables":[90],"simultaneous":[92],"extraction":[93],"feature":[97,105,128,183],"information":[98,129],"The":[102,185,232],"encoder":[106],"(SMFE)":[107],"module":[108,122,151],"proposed":[110],"mitigate":[112],"semantic":[114],"gap":[115],"low-level":[117],"high-level":[119],"features.":[120],"This":[121],"designed":[124],"aggregate":[126],"complementary":[127],"each":[131],"level":[132],"through":[133],"spatial":[136,172],"independent":[137],"processing":[138],"flexible":[140],"transposed":[142],"convolutional":[143],"layers.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"warper":[149],"(OFW)":[150],"intended":[153],"dynamic":[158],"modeling":[159],"capability":[160],"data":[167],"effectively,":[168],"where":[169],"two-channel":[171],"deformation":[173],"field":[174],"autonomously":[176],"learned":[177],"by":[178,207],"guide":[182],"alignment.":[184],"performance":[186],"advantage":[187],"our":[189],"over":[191],"eleven":[192],"state-of-the-art":[193],"(SOTA)":[195],"on":[196],"GVLM-CD,":[198],"LEVIR-CD,":[199],"WHU-CD,":[200],"S2Looking,":[201],"LEVIR-CD+":[203],"datasets":[204],"validated":[206],"experimental":[208],"results.":[209],"Finally,":[210],"we":[211],"also":[212],"introduce":[213],"SMOW-Net-LW,":[214],"lightweight":[216],"variant":[217],"with":[218],"significantly":[219],"reduced":[220],"model":[221],"complexity,":[222],"suitable":[223],"resource-constrained":[225],"settings,":[226],"while":[227],"achieving":[229],"excellent":[230],"performance.":[231],"code":[233],"work":[236],"available":[238],"at":[239],"https://github.com/ChundeLiao/SMOW-Net":[240],".":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-05-02T00:00:00"}