{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159886909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","title":"Pupil size is linked to opposite signal fluctuations between cortical BOLD and ventricular CSF","display_name":"Pupil size is linked to opposite signal fluctuations between cortical BOLD and ventricular CSF","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159886909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42066921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103225281","display_name":"NeuroImage","issn_l":"1053-8119","issn":["1053-8119","1095-9572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040980286","display_name":"\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bar\u0131\u015f Demiral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-603X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121815","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sukru Baris Demiral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: sukru.demiral@nih.gov"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-603X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: sukru.demiral@nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135020184","display_name":"Helene Benveniste","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helene Benveniste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135056793","display_name":"Nora D Volkow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121815","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nora D. Volkow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: nvolkow@nida.nih.gov"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6668-0908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: nvolkow@nida.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040980286","https://openalex.org/A5135056793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121815"],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"fwci":7.1965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97089772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"334","issue":null,"first_page":"121971","last_page":"121971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11406","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11406","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11456","display_name":"Neuroscience of respiration and sleep","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12625","display_name":"Sympathectomy and Hyperhidrosis Treatments","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillometry","display_name":"Pupillometry","score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil-size","display_name":"Pupil size","score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.6075000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillary-response","display_name":"Pupillary response","score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locus-coeruleus","display_name":"Locus coeruleus","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral","display_name":"Peripheral","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brainstem","display_name":"Brainstem","score":0.3982999920845032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410891","display_name":"Pupillometry","level":3,"score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019054092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupil size","level":3,"score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6151999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.6075000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupillary response","level":3,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778468602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470452","display_name":"Locus coeruleus","level":3,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46762472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178648","display_name":"Peripheral","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551621295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228","display_name":"Brainstem","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779246727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184215","display_name":"Thalamus","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101054994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15474254","display_name":"Glymphatic system","level":3,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779651940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54196","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779320081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246710","display_name":"Wakefulness","level":3,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74254510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240508","display_name":"Premovement neuronal activity","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66324658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Resting state fMRI","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002552","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Ventricles","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002552","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Ventricles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002555","descriptor_name":"Cerebrospinal Fluid","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002555","descriptor_name":"Cerebrospinal Fluid","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008125","descriptor_name":"Locus Coeruleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008125","descriptor_name":"Locus Coeruleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008125","descriptor_name":"Locus Coeruleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008125","descriptor_name":"Locus Coeruleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103225281","display_name":"NeuroImage","issn_l":"1053-8119","issn":["1053-8119","1095-9572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42066921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42066921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b369a91528c4296970dd12beddcd1cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b369a91528c4296970dd12beddcd1cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage, Vol 334, Iss , Pp 121971- (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13245481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13245481/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuroimage","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103225281","display_name":"NeuroImage","issn_l":"1053-8119","issn":["1053-8119","1095-9572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4881371259689331,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332884","display_name":"McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337385","display_name":"NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research","ror":"https://ror.org/012wp4251"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519578210","https://openalex.org/W1601100579","https://openalex.org/W1684804779","https://openalex.org/W1980433348","https://openalex.org/W1983208069","https://openalex.org/W1995453564","https://openalex.org/W2016234386","https://openalex.org/W2016839655","https://openalex.org/W2024729467","https://openalex.org/W2067848889","https://openalex.org/W2068600458","https://openalex.org/W2073237351","https://openalex.org/W2096672020","https://openalex.org/W2107444050","https://openalex.org/W2143405499","https://openalex.org/W2210396547","https://openalex.org/W2218659545","https://openalex.org/W2413319142","https://openalex.org/W2460109857","https://openalex.org/W2551360963","https://openalex.org/W2801999791","https://openalex.org/W2810299642","https://openalex.org/W2902209191","https://openalex.org/W2963443158","https://openalex.org/W2971177595","https://openalex.org/W2980042210","https://openalex.org/W2982626951","https://openalex.org/W2983631207","https://openalex.org/W2984600714","https://openalex.org/W3023916134","https://openalex.org/W3087194547","https://openalex.org/W3097330397","https://openalex.org/W3159089913","https://openalex.org/W3165780789","https://openalex.org/W3198873782","https://openalex.org/W4205792861","https://openalex.org/W4220661997","https://openalex.org/W4221030443","https://openalex.org/W4221070906","https://openalex.org/W4283731012","https://openalex.org/W4294718958","https://openalex.org/W4296045000","https://openalex.org/W4312129462","https://openalex.org/W4317366344","https://openalex.org/W4321440702","https://openalex.org/W4321760728","https://openalex.org/W4361268513","https://openalex.org/W4366824795","https://openalex.org/W4382181567","https://openalex.org/W4400002444","https://openalex.org/W4400076366","https://openalex.org/W4402028148","https://openalex.org/W4404491654","https://openalex.org/W4405978130","https://openalex.org/W4408859939","https://openalex.org/W4409089788","https://openalex.org/W4410172548","https://openalex.org/W4411263127","https://openalex.org/W7117235685"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pupillometry":[0],"has":[1,23],"been":[2,24],"used":[3],"as":[4,64,135,243],"a":[5,14,65,210,244],"biomarker":[6,245],"of":[7,37,67,96,212,218],"activity":[8,137],"in":[9,26,44,49,83,89,107,114,120,125,131,138,148,187,205,232],"the":[10,21,35,45,126,132,136,188,198,206],"Locus":[11],"Coeruleus":[12],"(LC),":[13],"noradrenergic":[15],"nucleus":[16],"crucial":[17],"for":[18,161],"arousal.":[19,68],"As":[20],"LC":[22,157],"implicated":[25],"modulating":[27],"cerebrospinal":[28],"fluid":[29],"(CSF)":[30],"flow,":[31],"here":[32],"we":[33],"investigated":[34],"associations":[36,194],"pupil":[38,76,108,149,154,185],"size":[39,77,109,155,186],"with":[40,81,112,146,180,184,235],"CSF":[41,84,129,193,219],"T2-dependent":[42],"signal":[43,48,85,123,130,216],"ventricles,":[46],"BOLD":[47,93,119],"cortical":[50,116,142],"and":[51,57,62,87,117,141,156,166,183,192,214,239],"subcortical":[52,118],"brain":[53,92],"regions":[54,143],"(including":[55],"LC),":[56],"peripheral":[58,215],"physiology":[59],"(heart":[60],"rate":[61],"respiration)":[63],"function":[66],"We":[69],"hypothesized":[70],"that":[71,105,226],"arousal":[72,164,222,228],"changes":[73,82,106,113,124],"indexed":[74],"by":[75],"would":[78],"be":[79,230],"associated":[80],"intensity":[86],"volume":[88],"opposition":[90,121],"to":[91,122,246],"signal.":[94],"Analyses":[95],"fMRI":[97],"data":[98],"from":[99],"healthy":[100],"controls":[101],"(HCP":[102],"7T)":[103],"showed":[104],"were":[110,195],"linked":[111],"LC,":[115,139],"lateral":[127],"ventricles.":[128],"ventricles":[133],"increased":[134],"thalamus":[140],"declined":[144],"concomitant":[145],"decreases":[147],"size.":[150],"The":[151,201],"coupling":[152],"between":[153],"emerged":[158],"earlier":[159],"than":[160],"other":[162,182],"ascending":[163],"nuclei":[165],"Granger":[167],"causality":[168],"analysis":[169],"corroborated":[170],"strong":[171],"LC-pupil":[172],"coupling.":[173],"While":[174],"physiological":[175],"measures":[176],"had":[177],"stronger":[178,196],"correlations":[179],"each":[181],"drowsy":[189,207],"state,":[190],"pupil-BOLD":[191],"during":[197,220],"vigilant":[199],"state.":[200],"weakened":[202],"pupil-CSF":[203],"association":[204],"state":[208],"suggests":[209],"segregation":[211],"central":[213],"modulations":[217],"low":[221],"states.":[223],"Mental":[224],"states":[225],"promote":[227],"might":[229],"beneficial":[231],"neuropsychiatric":[233],"disorders":[234],"glymphatic":[236,248],"system":[237],"impairment":[238],"pupillometry":[240],"could":[241],"serve":[242],"monitor":[247],"function.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2026-05-03T00:00:00"}