{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163193165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","title":"pycol-vis: A Python package for image complexity assessment","display_name":"pycol-vis: A Python package for image complexity assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163193165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45693802","display_name":"Neurocomputing","issn_l":"0925-2312","issn":["0925-2312","1872-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurocomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"software-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095766576","display_name":"Diogo Ap\u00f3stolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-3161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diogo Ap\u00f3stolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, CISUC/LASI - Department of Informatics Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-3161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, CISUC/LASI - Department of Informatics Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017034254","display_name":"Miriam Seoane Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Seoane Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal","LIAAD, INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIAAD, INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137683663","display_name":"Ana Carolina Lorena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6140-571X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Carolina Lorena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6140-571X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137676947","display_name":"Nathalie Japkowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181401687","display_name":"American University","ror":"https://ror.org/052w4zt36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathalie Japkowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University, Washington D.C., Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University, Washington D.C., Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065859612","display_name":"Pedro Henriques Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-8194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Henriques Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, CISUC/LASI - Department of Informatics Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, CISUC/LASI - Department of Informatics Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095766576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":{"value":2470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2470},"apc_paid":{"value":2470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2470},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"697","issue":null,"first_page":"134155","last_page":"134155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-package","display_name":"R package","score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3626999855041504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984074130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73539779","display_name":"R package","level":2,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987933465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141130","display_name":"Image manipulation","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45693802","display_name":"Neurocomputing","issn_l":"0925-2312","issn":["0925-2312","1872-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurocomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.134155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45693802","display_name":"Neurocomputing","issn_l":"0925-2312","issn":["0925-2312","1872-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurocomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W824467349","https://openalex.org/W1895692432","https://openalex.org/W2125877832","https://openalex.org/W2471002157","https://openalex.org/W2808166394","https://openalex.org/W4224023078","https://openalex.org/W4310064572","https://openalex.org/W4409885897"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dataset":[0],"complexity":[1,38,60,111,117],"poses":[2],"a":[3,14,29,51,96],"significant":[4],"challenge":[5],"in":[6,10,44,61,79,118,132,143],"classification":[7,130],"tasks,":[8],"especially":[9],"real-world":[11,119,144],"applications":[12],"where":[13],"combination":[15],"of":[16,53,70,76],"factors":[17],"such":[18,81],"as":[19,82],"class":[20],"overlap,":[21],"data":[22,78],"imbalance,":[23],"noise,":[24],"and":[25,42,55,86,141],"dimensionality":[26],"can":[27],"jeopardize":[28],"machine":[30],"learning":[31],"algorithm\u2019s":[32],"performance.":[33],"While":[34],"measures":[35],"to":[36,115,138],"quantify":[37],"have":[39],"been":[40],"proposed":[41],"studied":[43],"depth":[45],"for":[46,125],"tabular":[47],"datasets,":[48],"there":[49],"is":[50,123],"lack":[52],"studies":[54],"toolkits":[56],"focused":[57],"on":[58],"measuring":[59],"non-structured":[62],"image":[63,77,104,110,145],"data.":[64,146],"This":[65,121],"limitation":[66],"hinders":[67],"our":[68],"understanding":[69],"visual":[71],"complexity,":[72],"despite":[73],"the":[74,133],"importance":[75],"fields":[80],"healthcare,":[83],"remote":[84],"sensing,":[85],"autonomous":[87],"navigation.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"this":[91],"challenge,":[92],"we":[93],"introduce":[94],"pycol-vis,":[95],"novel":[97],"Python":[98],"package":[99,107],"that":[100],"helps":[101],"researchers":[102,126],"estimate":[103],"complexity.":[105],"The":[106],"implements":[108],"17":[109],"measures,":[112],"specifically":[113],"designed":[114],"capture":[116],"scenarios.":[120],"toolkit":[122],"essential":[124],"dealing":[127],"with":[128],"complex":[129],"problems":[131],"vision":[134],"domain,":[135],"providing":[136],"tools":[137],"assess":[139],"difficulty":[140],"overlap":[142]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
