{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416009591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741","title":"CodeBC: A more secure large language model for smart contract code generation in blockchain","display_name":"CodeBC: A more secure large language model for smart contract code generation in blockchain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416009591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45693802","display_name":"Neurocomputing","issn_l":"0925-2312","issn":["0925-2312","1872-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurocomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.21043","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100306089","display_name":"Lingxiang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0160-5701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hainan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7560-1500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hainan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7560-1500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051107722","display_name":"Qinnan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9220-2694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinnan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044550346","display_name":"Ziwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111237858","display_name":"Hongwei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9393-546X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139765","display_name":"Beijing Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/047r47y76","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, BABEC, Beijing, 100086, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, BABEC, Beijing, 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9708-0220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139765","display_name":"Beijing Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/047r47y76","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, BABEC, Beijing, 100086, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9708-0220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, BABEC, Beijing, 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965096","display_name":"Zhiming Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-4445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiming Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210139765","https://openalex.org/I4210165198","https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00232052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"688","issue":null,"first_page":"133741","last_page":"133741"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5379999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5379999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.09350000321865082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.04690000042319298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-management","display_name":"Vulnerability management","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.35350000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8082000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172776598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7943570","display_name":"Vulnerability management","level":4,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77109596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Application security","level":5,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45693802","display_name":"Neurocomputing","issn_l":"0925-2312","issn":["0925-2312","1872-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurocomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.21043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21043","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.21043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.21043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.21043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.21043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21043","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.21043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328119","display_name":"National University's Basic Research Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}