{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165031180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","title":"Adaptive distribution-aware transformer for multi-scale visual representation learning on imbalanced and low-resolution data","display_name":"Adaptive distribution-aware transformer for multi-scale visual representation learning on imbalanced and low-resolution data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165031180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42330836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043905821","display_name":"Sakib Ahammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sakib Ahammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: SAKIB.AHAMMED@stu.mmu.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-1521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: SAKIB.AHAMMED@stu.mmu.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065374968","display_name":"Xia Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-3814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: X.Cui@mmu.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-3814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: X.Cui@mmu.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087159264","display_name":"Wenqi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: W.Lu@mmu.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-0918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: W.Lu@mmu.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037771946","display_name":"Moi Hoon Yap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-4287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moi Hoon Yap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: M.Yap@mmu.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-4287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, The Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. Electronic address: M.Yap@mmu.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043905821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77934929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":null,"first_page":"104162","last_page":"104162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.6256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.6256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.03020000085234642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-data-representation","display_name":"External Data Representation","score":0.3125999867916107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6988000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6385999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42330836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42330836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical image analysis","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/32802147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Adaptive_distribution-aware_transformer_for_multi-scale_visual_representation_learning_on_imbalanced_and_low-resolution_data/32802147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2026.104162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W2103614420","https://openalex.org/W2119168155","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2797527544","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W3082604781","https://openalex.org/W3121732873","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3157699413","https://openalex.org/W3212197959","https://openalex.org/W3216067289","https://openalex.org/W3216081012","https://openalex.org/W4214673031","https://openalex.org/W4283819154","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4313554895","https://openalex.org/W4362603432","https://openalex.org/W4367181092","https://openalex.org/W4386174262","https://openalex.org/W4388831521","https://openalex.org/W4390636040","https://openalex.org/W4390802254","https://openalex.org/W4390873427","https://openalex.org/W4396773505","https://openalex.org/W4396888097","https://openalex.org/W4399539485","https://openalex.org/W4400080299","https://openalex.org/W4401577856","https://openalex.org/W4402128718","https://openalex.org/W4411875153","https://openalex.org/W4412085621","https://openalex.org/W4414198143"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"models":[2],"often":[3],"struggle":[4],"with":[5,40,88,151],"class":[6,60,175],"imbalance":[7,72,93,123,142,176],"and":[8,16,92,111,116,160,177],"low-resolution":[9],"medical":[10,171],"images,":[11],"where":[12],"critical":[13],"spatial":[14],"details":[15],"minority-class":[17,80],"features":[18],"are":[19,146],"underrepresented.":[20],"We":[21],"introduce":[22],"the":[23,57,70],"Adaptive":[24,66],"Distribution-aware":[25,65],"Vision":[26],"Transformer":[27],"(AdaptiveViT),":[28],"a":[29,46,64,152,167],"novel":[30],"hybrid":[31,112,168],"CNN-Transformer":[32],"architecture":[33],"that":[34,50,104],"unifies":[35],"fine-grained":[36],"local":[37],"feature":[38,53],"extraction":[39],"global":[41],"contextual":[42],"modelling.":[43],"AdaptiveViT":[44,105,165],"incorporates":[45,69],"distribution-aware":[47],"modulation":[48],"mechanism":[49],"adaptively":[51],"adjusts":[52],"emphasis":[54],"according":[55],"to":[56,156],"severity":[58],"of":[59],"imbalance.":[61],"In":[62],"addition,":[63],"(DA)":[67],"Loss":[68],"dataset":[71],"ratio":[73],"into":[74],"an":[75],"adaptive":[76],"focusing":[77],"scheme,":[78],"enhancing":[79],"sensitivity.":[81],"Experiments":[82],"on":[83,126],"five":[84],"skin":[85,136],"lesion":[86,137],"datasets":[87,129],"varying":[89],"image":[90,172],"resolutions":[91],"ratios":[94],"(as":[95],"high":[96],"as":[97],"1:10":[98],"for":[99,170],"melanoma":[100],"versus":[101],"non-melanoma)":[102],"demonstrate":[103],"consistently":[106],"outperforms":[107],"state-of-the-art":[108],"CNN,":[109],"Transformer,":[110],"baselines":[113],"in":[114],"F1":[115],"AUC,":[117],"while":[118],"maintaining":[119],"stable":[120],"convergence":[121],"across":[122],"levels.":[124],"Validation":[125],"gastrointestinal":[127],"endoscopy":[128],"further":[130],"demonstrates":[131],"AdaptiveViT's":[132],"domain-agnostic":[133],"generalisation":[134],"beyond":[135],"data,":[138],"which":[139],"share":[140],"similar":[141],"characteristics.":[143],"All":[144],"experiments":[145],"conducted":[147],"using":[148],"patient-disjoint":[149],"splits,":[150],"threshold-free":[153],"evaluation":[154],"protocol":[155],"ensure":[157],"fair,":[158],"unbiased,":[159],"clinically":[161],"reliable":[162],"comparisons.":[163],"Overall,":[164],"establishes":[166],"framework":[169],"classification":[173],"under":[174],"image-resolution":[178],"variability.":[179],"The":[180],"code":[181],"is":[182],"available":[183],"at":[184],"https://github.com/mmu-dermatology-research/AdaptiveViT.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T06:17:17.354583","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}
