{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417114594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","title":"Unsupervised anomaly detection in medical imaging using aggregated normative diffusion","display_name":"Unsupervised anomaly detection in medical imaging using aggregated normative diffusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417114594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41421265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081381793","display_name":"Alexander Fr\u00f6tscher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125796","display_name":"University Children's Hospital T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03esvmb28","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094118","https://openalex.org/I4210125796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Frotscher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.frotscher@uni-tuebingen.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8893-9817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.frotscher@uni-tuebingen.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125796","https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027064428","display_name":"Jaivardhan Kapoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133934","display_name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03kfnwp54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092532","https://openalex.org/I4210133934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaivardhan Kapoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning in Science, University of T\u00fcbingen & T\u00fcbingen AI Center, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2339-1183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning in Science, University of T\u00fcbingen & T\u00fcbingen AI Center, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133934","https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004304018","display_name":"Thomas Wolfers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125796","display_name":"University Children's Hospital T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03esvmb28","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094118","https://openalex.org/I4210125796"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Wolfers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-0621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 72074, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125796"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006688931","display_name":"Christian F. Baumgartner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-4384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161941770","display_name":"University of Lucerne","ror":"https://ror.org/00kgrkn83","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161941770"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81007117","display_name":"Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04nd0xd48","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81007117"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian F. Baumgartner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cluster of Excellence, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 6002, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany; University of Lucerne, Lucerne, 6002, Lucerne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-4384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cluster of Excellence, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, 6002, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany; University of Lucerne, Lucerne, 6002, Lucerne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161941770","https://openalex.org/I81007117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081381793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125796","https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"fwci":1.22,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86434487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":null,"first_page":"103895","last_page":"103895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8021000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8021000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.014000000432133675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6304000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-mri","display_name":"Diffusion MRI","score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.39239999651908875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7148000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6304000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149550507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360","display_name":"Diffusion MRI","level":3,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992283565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360","display_name":"Diffusion imaging","level":4,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009103","descriptor_name":"Multiple Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009103","descriptor_name":"Multiple Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41421265","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41421265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical image analysis","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2025.103895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5237895998","display_name":"Das NormativePrediktom f\u00fcr Pr\u00e4zisionspsychiatrie","funder_award_id":"513851350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5415233182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01IS18039A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G688259535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC 2064_1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7907426250","display_name":"EXC 2064: Maschinelles Lernen: Neue Perspektiven f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft","funder_award_id":"390727645","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8804903109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ INST 37/1057-1 FUGG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998070036","https://openalex.org/W2106235379","https://openalex.org/W2132358780","https://openalex.org/W2154158661","https://openalex.org/W2168399612","https://openalex.org/W2599354622","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2948873555","https://openalex.org/W3027056261","https://openalex.org/W3118868805","https://openalex.org/W3193467134","https://openalex.org/W3200457825","https://openalex.org/W4282962995","https://openalex.org/W4296123057","https://openalex.org/W4311663126","https://openalex.org/W4312613321","https://openalex.org/W4386609904","https://openalex.org/W4387211840","https://openalex.org/W4401751180"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"detection":[1,49],"of":[2,21,35,42,59,82,163,175,188],"anomalies":[3,60,83],"in":[4,84,116,149,166,186],"medical":[5,23],"images":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8],"brain":[9,142],"magnetic":[10],"resonance":[11],"imaging":[12],"(MRI)":[13],"is":[14,39],"highly":[15],"relevant":[16],"for":[17],"diagnosis":[18],"and":[19,111,138,156],"treatment":[20],"many":[22],"conditions.":[24],"Supervised":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27],"methods":[28],"are":[29],"limited":[30],"to":[31,54,79,160,177,181],"a":[32,56,93],"small":[33],"number":[34],"pathologies":[36],"where":[37],"there":[38],"good":[40],"availability":[41],"labeled":[43],"data.":[44,87],"In":[45],"contrast,":[46],"unsupervised":[47],"anomaly":[48],"(UAD)":[50],"has":[51],"the":[52],"potential":[53],"identify":[55],"broader":[57],"spectrum":[58],"by":[61,104],"spotting":[62],"deviations":[63],"from":[64],"normal":[65],"patterns.":[66],"Our":[67],"research":[68],"demonstrates":[69],"that":[70,122,147],"previous":[71],"state-of-the-art":[72],"UAD":[73,95,136],"approaches":[74],"do":[75],"not":[76],"generalise":[77],"well":[78],"diverse":[80,141],"types":[81,162],"multi-modal":[85],"MRI":[86,143],"To":[88],"overcome":[89],"this,":[90],"we":[91],"introduce":[92],"new":[94],"method":[96],"named":[97],"Aggregated":[98],"Normative":[99],"Diffusion":[100,118],"(ANDi).":[101],"ANDi":[102,132,172],"operates":[103],"aggregating":[105],"differences":[106],"between":[107],"predicted":[108],"denoising":[109],"steps":[110],"ground":[112],"truth":[113],"backwards":[114],"transitions":[115],"Denoising":[117],"Probabilistic":[119],"Models":[120],"(DDPMs)":[121],"have":[123],"been":[124],"trained":[125],"on":[126,183],"pyramidal":[127],"Gaussian":[128],"noise.":[129],"We":[130,145],"validate":[131],"against":[133],"four":[134],"recent":[135],"baselines,":[137],"across":[139],"three":[140],"datasets.":[144],"show":[146],"ANDi,":[148],"some":[150],"cases,":[151],"substantially":[152],"surpasses":[153],"these":[154],"baselines":[155],"shows":[157],"increased":[158],"robustness":[159],"varying":[161],"anomalies.":[164],"Particularly":[165],"detecting":[167],"multiple":[168],"sclerosis":[169],"(MS)":[170],"lesions,":[171],"achieves":[173],"improvements":[174],"up":[176],"44":[178],"%":[179],"(0.302":[180],"0.436":[182],"Lubljana,":[184],"+0.134)":[185],"terms":[187],"AUPRC.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
