{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125868735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","title":"Synthesis of gadolinium-enhanced liver tumors on nonenhanced liver MR images using pixel-level graph reinforcement learning","display_name":"Synthesis of gadolinium-enhanced liver tumors on nonenhanced liver MR images using pixel-level graph reinforcement learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125868735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","mag":"3125868735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005425933","display_name":"Chenchu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-1686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenchu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366146","display_name":"Dong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2322-9644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075528447","display_name":"Jaron Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-6105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaron Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427422","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2970-4813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health Science, Western University, London ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Science, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386630","display_name":"Shuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada. Electronic address: slishuo@gmail.com","Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada. Electronic address: slishuo@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100386630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95617819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":null,"first_page":"101976","last_page":"101976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.8473258018493652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6819969415664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6284038424491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5894708037376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5092159509658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3971657156944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3671965003013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.09722313284873962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.8473258018493652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6819969415664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6284038424491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5894708037376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5092159509658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3971657156944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3671965003013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.09722313284873962}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005682","descriptor_name":"Gadolinium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005682","descriptor_name":"Gadolinium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005682","descriptor_name":"Gadolinium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.101976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116571295","display_name":"Medical Image Analysis","issn_l":"1361-8415","issn":["1361-8415","1361-8423","1361-8431"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Image Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33535110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical image analysis","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1965881995","https://openalex.org/W1976114130","https://openalex.org/W2009378591","https://openalex.org/W2023614620","https://openalex.org/W2049319992","https://openalex.org/W2084806104","https://openalex.org/W2086234878","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2120899599","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2168630917","https://openalex.org/W2170292869","https://openalex.org/W2304335157","https://openalex.org/W2526653212","https://openalex.org/W2567079332","https://openalex.org/W2743780012","https://openalex.org/W2752498449","https://openalex.org/W2768080738","https://openalex.org/W2771590529","https://openalex.org/W2793173694","https://openalex.org/W2804078698","https://openalex.org/W2807841289","https://openalex.org/W2903819949","https://openalex.org/W2950395671","https://openalex.org/W2953139137","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963153291","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2972321983","https://openalex.org/W2972635947","https://openalex.org/W2979328813","https://openalex.org/W2980304664","https://openalex.org/W2980719958","https://openalex.org/W2990249872","https://openalex.org/W2999736994","https://openalex.org/W3008753367","https://openalex.org/W3013339876","https://openalex.org/W3018177167","https://openalex.org/W3021659530","https://openalex.org/W3022478135","https://openalex.org/W3029385555","https://openalex.org/W3040744915","https://openalex.org/W3092490063","https://openalex.org/W3103787556","https://openalex.org/W4231290138","https://openalex.org/W4234552385","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6698220832","https://openalex.org/W6703848168","https://openalex.org/W6727428261","https://openalex.org/W6729966448","https://openalex.org/W6731670082","https://openalex.org/W6735579001","https://openalex.org/W6743565761","https://openalex.org/W6743688458","https://openalex.org/W6745661290","https://openalex.org/W6745718552","https://openalex.org/W6749116069","https://openalex.org/W6752378368","https://openalex.org/W6767688279","https://openalex.org/W6769122577","https://openalex.org/W6769566055","https://openalex.org/W6775420989","https://openalex.org/W6777471496","https://openalex.org/W6780543609","https://openalex.org/W6784676019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W2964765435","https://openalex.org/W2084942241"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
