{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162662701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","title":"Encrypted Masked Modeling and Gated Fusion for privacy-preserving content-based image retrieval","display_name":"Encrypted Masked Modeling and Gated Fusion for privacy-preserving content-based image retrieval","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162662701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105424869","display_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","issn_l":"1047-3203","issn":["1047-3203","1095-9076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101955486","display_name":"Hasnain Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1862-1110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasnain Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065396147","display_name":"Naima Iltaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naima Iltaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137239360","display_name":"Usman Mehmood Malik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Mehmood Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102945426","display_name":"Muhammad Junaid Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-0504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Junaid Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137202404","display_name":"Javed Iqbal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javed Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137306543","display_name":"Hassan Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6980-8817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6980-8817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102945426","https://openalex.org/A5137306543"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"apc_list":{"value":2150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2150},"apc_paid":{"value":2150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67143907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":null,"first_page":"104846","last_page":"104846"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.5742999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.5742999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.04639999940991402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.03700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.45980000495910645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6769000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.29829999804496765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105424869","display_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","issn_l":"1047-3203","issn":["1047-3203","1095-9076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2026.104846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105424869","display_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","issn_l":"1047-3203","issn":["1047-3203","1095-9076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973393984","https://openalex.org/W2225750049","https://openalex.org/W2469486851","https://openalex.org/W2525788160","https://openalex.org/W2912911621","https://openalex.org/W2933964678","https://openalex.org/W2960243139","https://openalex.org/W2982344671","https://openalex.org/W2992107587","https://openalex.org/W3013051819","https://openalex.org/W3036649655","https://openalex.org/W3097384281","https://openalex.org/W4280623770","https://openalex.org/W4311460609","https://openalex.org/W4311463267","https://openalex.org/W4313477356","https://openalex.org/W4322487580","https://openalex.org/W4380607267","https://openalex.org/W4386002870","https://openalex.org/W4386917509","https://openalex.org/W4387698764","https://openalex.org/W4387777464","https://openalex.org/W4389514675","https://openalex.org/W4392172855","https://openalex.org/W4398222409","https://openalex.org/W4399418876","https://openalex.org/W4399423334","https://openalex.org/W4402696041","https://openalex.org/W4404633002","https://openalex.org/W4409190082","https://openalex.org/W4411019777","https://openalex.org/W4414772058","https://openalex.org/W7134847443"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"Encrypted":[3,73],"Masked":[4,74],"Modeling":[5,75],"and":[6,43,48,55,62,102,113,119,132],"Gated":[7],"Fusion":[8],"(EMF),":[9],"a":[10],"privacy-preserving":[11],"image":[12],"retrieval":[13,22,136,142],"framework":[14],"for":[15],"JPEG-compliant":[16],"encrypted":[17,31],"images.":[18],"EMF":[19,92],"supports":[20],"cloud":[21],"without":[23,86],"plaintext":[24,87],"access":[25],"by":[26],"extracting":[27],"syntax-invariant":[28,130],"cues":[29,50,131],"from":[30],"entropy":[32,68],"streams,":[33],"including":[34],"variable-length":[35],"integer":[36],"categories,":[37],"block":[38],"zero":[39],"counts,":[40],"run-length":[41],"profiles,":[42],"Huffman":[44],"symbol":[45],"statistics.":[46],"VLI":[47],"TZCPB":[49],"are":[51],"tokenized":[52],"in":[53],"parallel":[54],"combined":[56],"through":[57,96],"block-level":[58],"convex":[59],"gating.":[60],"DC":[61],"AC":[63],"histogram":[64],"tokens":[65],"add":[66],"global":[67],"context.":[69],"Self-supervised":[70],"pretraining":[71,134],"couples":[72],"with":[76,106],"momentum":[77],"contrastive":[78],"learning,":[79],"allowing":[80],"context-aware":[81],"prediction":[82],"of":[83],"encrypted-domain":[84,123,138],"targets":[85],"reconstruction.":[88],"For":[89],"scalable":[90],"use,":[91],"adds":[93],"cancelable":[94],"indexing":[95],"keyed":[97],"orthonormal":[98],"rotation,":[99],"product":[100],"quantization,":[101],"inverted":[103],"file":[104],"indexing,":[105],"optional":[107],"Merkle-based":[108],"verification.":[109],"Experiments":[110],"on":[111],"Corel10K":[112],"ImageNet-100":[114],"show":[115,127],"higher":[116],"mAP,":[117],"Precision@100,":[118],"Recall@100":[120],"than":[121],"prior":[122],"baselines.":[124],"These":[125],"results":[126],"that":[128],"fused":[129],"cipher-tailored":[133],"improve":[135],"under":[137],"constraints":[139],"across":[140],"tested":[141],"benchmark":[143],"settings.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-05-29T00:00:00"}