{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151880451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","title":"LMAT: An adaptive tracing approach based on efficient system behavior analysis using language models","display_name":"LMAT: An adaptive tracing approach based on efficient system behavior analysis using language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151880451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098816061","display_name":"Kasra Darvishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kasra Darvishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-7227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048104520","display_name":"Morteza Noferesti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5507-1461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morteza Noferesti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5507-1461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133164175","display_name":"Yuvraj Sehgal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1980-604X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuvraj Sehgal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1980-604X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019537475","display_name":"Naser Ezzati\u2010Jivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-6297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Ezzati-Jivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-6297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S-3A1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098816061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41841874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"238","issue":null,"first_page":"112890","last_page":"112890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.11339999735355377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.11339999735355377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.07320000231266022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.07249999791383743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.27950000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.24240000545978546}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G830783687","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ALLRP 572127-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8335871388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT29160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049314312","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2102053942","https://openalex.org/W2767094836","https://openalex.org/W2793353921","https://openalex.org/W2885999345","https://openalex.org/W2913028175","https://openalex.org/W2946132891","https://openalex.org/W3009808474","https://openalex.org/W3210956740","https://openalex.org/W3213103319","https://openalex.org/W4282973505","https://openalex.org/W4291178743","https://openalex.org/W4292022450"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,109],"introduce":[1],"LMAT,":[2],"a":[3,22,76,199,223],"Language":[4],"Model-based":[5],"Adaptive":[6],"Tracing":[7],"framework":[8],"designed":[9],"for":[10,106,178,226],"host-level":[11],"observability":[12],"that":[13,130,197,220],"provides":[14],"granular":[15],"monitoring":[16],"without":[17],"excessive":[18],"overhead.":[19],"LMAT":[20,51,83,111,150,203,221],"leverages":[21],"multi-task":[23],"architecture":[24],"to":[25,87,97,153],"jointly":[26],"predict":[27],"kernel":[28,128],"event":[29,33,168],"sequences":[30],"and":[31,39,72,102,121,137,142,159],"classify":[32],"durations,":[34],"thereby":[35],"capturing":[36],"both":[37],"control-flow":[38],"temporal":[40],"dynamics.":[41],"By":[42],"continuously":[43],"comparing":[44],"live":[45],"trace":[46,57,66],"data":[47],"against":[48],"model":[49],"predictions,":[50],"automatically":[52],"signals":[53],"deviations,":[54],"dynamically":[55],"adjusting":[56],"granularity":[58],"only":[59],"when":[60],"needed.":[61],"This":[62],"approach":[63,225],"significantly":[64],"reduces":[65],"volume,":[67],"along":[68],"with":[69],"associated":[70],"energy":[71],"storage":[73],"costs,":[74],"achieving":[75],"70.6%":[77],"reduction":[78],"in":[79,156,185,229],"our":[80],"experiments.":[81],"Additionally,":[82],"utilizes":[84],"prediction":[85],"discrepancies":[86],"drive":[88],"an":[89],"efficient":[90],"root-cause":[91,160,183],"classifier,":[92],"mapping":[93],"detected":[94],"anomalies":[95],"directly":[96],"their":[98],"potential":[99],"fault":[100],"sources":[101],"providing":[103],"actionable":[104],"feedback":[105],"operations":[107],"teams.":[108],"evaluate":[110],"on":[112,167],"two":[113],"architecturally":[114],"distinct":[115],"single-host":[116,232],"environments\u2014an":[117],"Apache2":[118],"web-server":[119],"stack":[120],"the":[122,147,173,186,230],"Sock":[123,171],"Shop":[124],"containerized":[125],"microservice":[126,187],"benchmark\u2014using":[127],"traces":[129],"include":[131],"standard":[132],"workloads,":[133],"duration-centric":[134],"noise":[135],"scenarios,":[136],"controlled":[138],"CPU,":[139],"disk,":[140],"memory,":[141],"network":[143],"stress":[144],"injections.":[145],"On":[146,170],"Apache":[148],"workload,":[149],"demonstrates":[151],"up":[152],"97.7%":[154],"accuracy":[155],"anomaly":[157],"detection":[158,235],"identification,":[161],"surpassing":[162],"state-of-the-art":[163],"methods":[164],"relying":[165],"solely":[166],"sequences.":[169],"Shop,":[172],"same":[174],"design":[175],"remains":[176,189],"effective":[177],"host-local":[179],"change":[180],"detection,":[181],"while":[182,213,237],"attribution":[184],"setting":[188],"more":[190],"challenging.":[191],"A":[192],"deployment-oriented":[193],"overhead":[194,210,240],"study":[195],"shows":[196],"under":[198],"stable":[200],"load,":[201],"asynchronous":[202],"inference":[204],"introduces":[205],"no":[206],"measurable":[207],"additional":[208],"tail-latency":[209],"beyond":[211],"tracing,":[212],"maintaining":[214],"consistent":[215],"throughput.":[216],"Our":[217],"findings":[218],"illustrate":[219],"is":[222],"practical":[224],"adaptive":[227],"tracing":[228],"evaluated":[231],"environments,":[233],"improving":[234],"quality":[236],"keeping":[238],"deployment":[239],"negligible.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00"}