{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416238823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","title":"Quality assurance of LLM-generated code: Addressing non-functional quality characteristics","display_name":"Quality assurance of LLM-generated code: Addressing non-functional quality characteristics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416238823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115539500","display_name":"Xin Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4854-6229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089114697","display_name":"Daniel St\u00e5hl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-6884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel St\u00e5hl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-6884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076739512","display_name":"Kristian Sandahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3052-5604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristian Sandahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3052-5604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059272770","display_name":"Christoph Ke\u00dfler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Kessler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115539500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"],"apc_list":{"value":3560,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3560},"apc_paid":{"value":3560,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3560},"fwci":100.6016,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99831028,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"238","issue":null,"first_page":"112885","last_page":"112885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.607200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.607200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.05620000138878822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.05389999970793724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.822700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"Quality assurance","score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality-assurance","display_name":"Software quality assurance","score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.822700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776969324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613918","display_name":"Software quality assurance","level":5,"score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188329197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554613","display_name":"Software quality analyst","level":5,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10272871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929972","display_name":"Software inspection","level":5,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85890633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929673","display_name":"Capability Maturity Model","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176035894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554350","display_name":"Software quality control","level":5,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48002344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919644","display_name":"Verification and validation","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.10271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10271","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.10271","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.10271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10271","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.10271","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.10271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.10271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,134],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7],"widely":[8],"integrated":[9],"into":[10,191],"software":[11,78,165],"engineering":[12,166],"workflows,":[13],"supporting":[14],"tasks":[15],"like":[16],"code":[17,144,193,201],"generation.":[18],"While":[19],"prior":[20],"evaluations":[21],"focus":[22],"on":[23],"functional":[24],"correctness,":[25],"there":[26],"is":[27],"still":[28],"a":[29,50,57,172],"limited":[30],"understanding":[31],"of":[32,37,60,75,98,149,158],"the":[33,42,88,92,96,147,156,184],"non-functional":[34],"quality":[35,45,97,113,130,188],"characteristics":[36],"generated":[38,99,143,200],"code.":[39],"Guided":[40],"by":[41,84],"ISO/IEC":[43],"25010":[44],"model,":[46],"this":[47],"study":[48,94],"adopts":[49],"multi-methods":[51],"approach":[52],"comprising":[53],"three":[54,81],"complementary":[55],"elements:":[56],"literature":[58,89],"review":[59],"109":[61],"papers,":[62],"two":[63],"industry":[64,177],"workshops":[65],"with":[66,209],"practitioners":[67,136],"from":[68,86],"multiple":[69],"organizations,":[70],"and":[71,90,104,126,139,179],"an":[72],"empirical":[73,93,153],"analysis":[74],"patching":[76],"real-world":[77],"issues":[79],"using":[80],"LLMs.":[82],"Motivated":[83],"insights":[85],"both":[87],"practitioners,":[91],"examined":[95],"patches":[100],"regarding":[101],"security,":[102,123],"maintainability,":[103,127],"performance":[105,124],"efficiency,":[106,125],"which":[107],"were":[108],"identified":[109],"as":[110],"critical":[111],"code-level":[112],"attributes.":[114],"Our":[115],"results":[116],"indicate":[117],"that":[118,142,198],"existing":[119],"research":[120],"primarily":[121],"emphasizes":[122],"while":[128],"other":[129],"attributes":[131],"are":[132],"understudied.":[133],"contrast,":[135],"prioritize":[137],"maintainability":[138],"readability,":[140],"warning":[141],"may":[145],"accelerate":[146],"accumulation":[148],"technical":[150],"debt.":[151],"The":[152],"evaluation":[154],"demonstrates":[155],"instability":[157],"optimizing":[159],"NFQCs":[160],"through":[161],"prompts":[162],"in":[163],"practical":[164],"settings.":[167],"Overall,":[168],"our":[169],"findings":[170],"expose":[171],"misalignment":[173],"between":[174],"academic":[175],"focus,":[176],"priorities,":[178],"observed":[180],"model":[181],"behavior,":[182],"highlighting":[183],"need":[185],"to":[186,196],"integrate":[187],"assurance":[189],"mechanisms":[190],"LLM":[192],"generation":[194],"pipelines":[195],"ensure":[197],"future":[199],"not":[202],"only":[203],"passes":[204,208],"tests":[205],"but":[206],"truly":[207],"quality.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-11-15T00:00:00"}