{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140290669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866","title":"Exposing hidden bias: A study of fairness debt in gray literature","display_name":"Exposing hidden bias: A study of fairness debt in gray literature","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140290669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130590238","display_name":"Rodrigo Sotolani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Sotolani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-8142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035589519","display_name":"S\u00e1vio Freire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-9442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018325552","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02225fd27","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018325552"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e1vio Freire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Institute of Cear\u00e1, Morada Nova, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-9442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Institute of Cear\u00e1, Morada Nova, Cear\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018325552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077732917","display_name":"Felipe Fronchetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2104-6676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Fronchetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2104-6676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130554298","display_name":"Ronnie De Souza Santos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronnie De Souza Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-6530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020235955","display_name":"Rodrigo Sp\u00ednola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Spinola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-9578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130590238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"],"apc_list":{"value":3820,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3820},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.9625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99362237,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"238","issue":null,"first_page":"112866","last_page":"112866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13342","display_name":"Art History and Market Analysis","score":0.14339999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13342","display_name":"Art History and Market Analysis","score":0.14339999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14092","display_name":"Ethics, Aesthetics, and Art","score":0.06859999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14432","display_name":"Freedom of Expression and Defamation","score":0.04749999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.7918000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-market","display_name":"Grey market","score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bad-debt","display_name":"Bad debt","score":0.40139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7918000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27416245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428088","display_name":"Grey market","level":2,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778114724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365583","display_name":"Bad debt","level":3,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985861186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Gray level","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4230228066444397,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104577574","https://openalex.org/W2735864825","https://openalex.org/W2904032123","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W3046114004","https://openalex.org/W3120683744","https://openalex.org/W3126102167","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4210867863","https://openalex.org/W4248450049","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4362509531","https://openalex.org/W4386714740","https://openalex.org/W4389912381","https://openalex.org/W4390229867","https://openalex.org/W4404610377","https://openalex.org/W4407857156","https://openalex.org/W4414050776"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}