{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131456392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","title":"Intelligent automatic load test generation for elastic microservice applications: A falsification-based approach","display_name":"Intelligent automatic load test generation for elastic microservice applications: A falsification-based approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131456392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117457429","display_name":"Marco Zamponi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zamponi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1855-4469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063494900","display_name":"Daniele Masti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150763","display_name":"Gran Sasso Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/043qcb444","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Masti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, L\u2019Aquila, 67100, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, L\u2019Aquila, 67100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032978708","display_name":"Emilio Incerto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-6517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Incerto","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-6517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009460574","display_name":"Franco Raimondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150763","display_name":"Gran Sasso Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/043qcb444","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franco Raimondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, L\u2019Aquila, 67100, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, L\u2019Aquila, 67100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037431084","display_name":"Mirco Tribastone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6018-5989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirco Tribastone","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6018-5989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Francesco 19, Lucca, 55100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5117457429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"],"apc_list":{"value":3560,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3560},"apc_paid":{"value":3560,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3560},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33540702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"237","issue":null,"first_page":"112832","last_page":"112832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.8894000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7231000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scenario-testing","display_name":"Scenario testing","score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-under-test","display_name":"System under test","score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.3547999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.8894000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7231000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80519477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532236","display_name":"Scenario testing","level":3,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17095337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375229","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48460631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4311799","display_name":"Load testing","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141842801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363815","display_name":"Automatic test equipment","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109751979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q998767","display_name":"Failover","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2026.112832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37879656","display_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","issn_l":"0164-1212","issn":["0164-1212","1873-1228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems and Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F5497039910","display_name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito","ror":"https://ror.org/01ehyh486"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1459540712","https://openalex.org/W1702728283","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1975726216","https://openalex.org/W1977985274","https://openalex.org/W1981055536","https://openalex.org/W2023599497","https://openalex.org/W2053513378","https://openalex.org/W2054064936","https://openalex.org/W2060840612","https://openalex.org/W2073787051","https://openalex.org/W2080046268","https://openalex.org/W2257437519","https://openalex.org/W2535955154","https://openalex.org/W2583804069","https://openalex.org/W2782622643","https://openalex.org/W2895593927","https://openalex.org/W2963199590","https://openalex.org/W3002440596","https://openalex.org/W3159883682","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4285060570","https://openalex.org/W4385834032","https://openalex.org/W4386987747","https://openalex.org/W4387977249","https://openalex.org/W4391547660","https://openalex.org/W4404181131","https://openalex.org/W4406137571","https://openalex.org/W4406950964"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,10,18,25,33],"Automatic":[1],"model-based":[2,93],"load":[3,98,260],"test":[4,99,113,177,181,246,261],"generation":[5,152],"for":[6,169,259],"elastic":[7,107],"microservice":[8,41,108,123,209],"applications.":[9,42,109],"Models":[11],"explicitly":[12,129],"couple":[13],"application":[14,124,210],"and":[15,30,75,125,146,159,211,241,255,276],"autoscaler":[16,68,127],"dynamics.":[17],"Optimization":[19],"identifies":[20],"failure-inducing":[21],"workload":[22,31,73,80,191,242],"traces":[23,100,222,247],"offline.":[24],"Framework":[26],"supports":[27],"multiple":[28],"objectives":[29],"scenarios.":[32],"Generated":[34],"tests":[35],"expose":[36,103],"performance":[37,104,225,274],"violations":[38,275],"in":[39,106,227,272],"real":[40,173,228],"Microservice":[43],"applications":[44,145],"are":[45,128,183],"required":[46],"to":[47,102,148,185,279],"consistently":[48,223],"guarantee":[49],"Service-Level":[50],"Agreements":[51],"(SLAs)":[52],"under":[53,112],"fluctuating":[54],"workloads,":[55],"a":[56,117,141,156,162,206,212],"challenge":[57],"commonly":[58],"addressed":[59],"through":[60],"autoscaling":[61,239,281],"mechanisms.":[62],"However,":[63],"the":[64,72,122,126,167,202,220,234,267,270],"effectiveness":[65,268],"of":[66,144,214,269],"an":[67,83,91],"strongly":[69],"depends":[70],"on":[71,204],"scenario,":[74],"validating":[76],"robustness":[77],"across":[78,237],"diverse":[79,280],"conditions":[81],"remains":[82],"open":[84],"problem.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this,":[88],"we":[89,132,231,253],"propose":[90],"offline":[92],"framework":[94,203],"that":[95,193,219,233],"automatically":[96],"generates":[97],"designed":[101,184],"failures":[105,226],"The":[110,179],"system":[111,120,174],"is":[114,153],"modeled":[115],"as":[116,136,161],"closed-loop":[118],"dynamical":[119],"where":[121],"coupled.":[130],"Specifically,":[131],"encode":[133],"both":[134,205,266],"components":[135],"piecewise":[137],"affine":[138],"functions,":[139],"allowing":[140],"wide":[142],"set":[143],"autoscalers":[147],"be":[149,195],"captured.":[150],"Test":[151],"framed":[154],"using":[155],"falsification":[157],"approach":[158,271],"solved":[160],"mixed-integer":[163],"linear":[164],"program,":[165],"eliminating":[166],"need":[168],"manual":[170],"configuration":[171],"or":[172],"interactions":[175],"during":[176],"generation.":[178,262],"generated":[180,216,221],"cases":[182],"cause":[186],"SLA":[187],"violations,":[188],"uncovering":[189],"critical":[190],"scenarios":[192],"may":[194],"overlooked":[196],"by":[197],"existing":[198],"approaches.":[199],"We":[200],"evaluate":[201],"realistic":[207],"benchmark":[208],"population":[213],"randomly":[215],"systems,":[217],"demonstrating":[218],"induce":[224],"deployments.":[229],"Furthermore,":[230],"show":[232],"method":[235],"generalizes":[236],"different":[238],"policies":[240],"patterns,":[243],"producing":[244],"valid":[245],"within":[248],"short":[249],"time":[250],"intervals.":[251],"Finally,":[252],"discuss":[254],"compare":[256],"alternative":[257],"approaches":[258],"These":[263],"experiments":[264],"highlight":[265],"exposing":[273],"its":[277],"applicability":[278],"configurations.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}