{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307955796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","title":"A survey of DeFi security: Challenges and opportunities","display_name":"A survey of DeFi security: Challenges and opportunities","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307955796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053791262","display_name":"Wenkai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-8846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019989266","display_name":"Jiuyang Bu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiuyang Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634702","display_name":"Xiaoqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-9178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110319720","display_name":"Hong-Li Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033703790","display_name":"Yuanzheng Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzheng Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401884","display_name":"Yuqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8306-7195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue 58, Haikou 570227, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100634702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":18.4744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99300461,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"10378","last_page":"10404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7545571327209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.67484450340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5468114018440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.42208701372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3609229624271393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7545571327209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.67484450340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5468114018440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.42208701372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3609229624271393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8446c6a387e4643984612403a812c53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8446c6a387e4643984612403a812c53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 34, Iss 10, Pp 10378-10404 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764955546","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","issn_l":"1319-1578","issn":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7002891690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RZ2200001265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323370","funder_display_name":"Hainan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323370","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W1746848557","https://openalex.org/W2075144441","https://openalex.org/W2160638522","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2774802253","https://openalex.org/W2789063661","https://openalex.org/W2790067015","https://openalex.org/W2794332692","https://openalex.org/W2794657757","https://openalex.org/W2884856939","https://openalex.org/W2886562467","https://openalex.org/W2902497627","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2963220038","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2967854622","https://openalex.org/W2969915801","https://openalex.org/W2971532963","https://openalex.org/W2972132048","https://openalex.org/W2972152617","https://openalex.org/W2983707097","https://openalex.org/W2985495886","https://openalex.org/W2994373027","https://openalex.org/W2996853920","https://openalex.org/W2998088571","https://openalex.org/W3002401090","https://openalex.org/W3007045600","https://openalex.org/W3008357810","https://openalex.org/W3009278394","https://openalex.org/W3010632197","https://openalex.org/W3015325345","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3041037634","https://openalex.org/W3042743284","https://openalex.org/W3046493130","https://openalex.org/W3047213042","https://openalex.org/W3047428447","https://openalex.org/W3083471387","https://openalex.org/W3091056531","https://openalex.org/W3092117182","https://openalex.org/W3093742993","https://openalex.org/W3093760911","https://openalex.org/W3101076222","https://openalex.org/W3108644808","https://openalex.org/W3110192178","https://openalex.org/W3111903291","https://openalex.org/W3119253238","https://openalex.org/W3120405143","https://openalex.org/W3122543528","https://openalex.org/W3124855037","https://openalex.org/W3133932565","https://openalex.org/W3136753322","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3152829963","https://openalex.org/W3153861126","https://openalex.org/W3155100939","https://openalex.org/W3155854917","https://openalex.org/W3156129242","https://openalex.org/W3157214971","https://openalex.org/W3157553154","https://openalex.org/W3159215149","https://openalex.org/W3159469886","https://openalex.org/W3159494182","https://openalex.org/W3159942444","https://openalex.org/W3161733906","https://openalex.org/W3162209499","https://openalex.org/W3174817303","https://openalex.org/W3176386466","https://openalex.org/W3176389077","https://openalex.org/W3180692471","https://openalex.org/W3200466576","https://openalex.org/W3200889403","https://openalex.org/W3209356054","https://openalex.org/W3211314335","https://openalex.org/W3212407242","https://openalex.org/W3215621982","https://openalex.org/W4205689130","https://openalex.org/W4206066427","https://openalex.org/W4206712151","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4213385795","https://openalex.org/W4214757917","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4288072839","https://openalex.org/W4289422078","https://openalex.org/W4296157153","https://openalex.org/W4312943502","https://openalex.org/W4319451703","https://openalex.org/W6608323623","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6746868706","https://openalex.org/W6752735279","https://openalex.org/W6755282952","https://openalex.org/W6763739610","https://openalex.org/W6775351649","https://openalex.org/W6781621885","https://openalex.org/W6788962858","https://openalex.org/W6792254046","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W6793817296","https://openalex.org/W6804537950","https://openalex.org/W6847515202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253897078","https://openalex.org/W4283163498","https://openalex.org/W2530733036","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W4221010187","https://openalex.org/W4406002160","https://openalex.org/W4320037181","https://openalex.org/W3164536060","https://openalex.org/W4360999634","https://openalex.org/W4283391561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DeFi,":[0],"or":[1],"Decentralized":[2],"Finance,":[3],"is":[4,84],"based":[5,119],"on":[6,120],"a":[7,89],"distributed":[8],"ledger":[9],"called":[10],"blockchain":[11,29,103],"technology.":[12],"Using":[13],"blockchain,":[14],"DeFi":[15,26,45,75,93,117,171],"may":[16],"customize":[17],"the":[18,72,85,98,121,126,135,148,156],"execution":[19],"of":[20,92,158],"predetermined":[21],"operations":[22],"between":[23],"parties.":[24],"The":[25,40],"system":[27],"use":[28],"technology":[30],"to":[31,53,87,125,172],"execute":[32],"user":[33],"transactions,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"lending":[37],"and":[38,114,141,150,166],"exchanging.":[39],"total":[41],"value":[42],"locked":[43],"in":[44,50,56,62,74,101,170],"decreased":[46],"from":[47,134],"$200":[48],"billion":[49,55],"April":[51],"2022":[52],"$80":[54],"July":[57],"2022,":[58],"indicating":[59],"that":[60,123],"security":[61,76],"this":[63,68,159],"area":[64],"remained":[65],"problematic.":[66],"In":[67,128],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,96,112,130,146,162],"address":[71],"deficiency":[73],"studies.":[77],"To":[78],"our":[79,82],"best":[80],"knowledge,":[81],"paper":[83],"first":[86],"make":[88],"systematic":[90],"analysis":[91],"security.":[94],"First,":[95],"summarize":[97,163],"DeFi-related":[99],"vulnerabilities":[100,107],"each":[102],"layer.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"application-level":[106],"are":[108],"also":[109],"analyzed.":[110],"Then":[111],"classify":[113],"analyze":[115],"real-world":[116],"attacks":[118],"principles":[122],"correlate":[124],"vulnerabilities.":[127],"addition,":[129],"collect":[131],"optimization":[132],"strategies":[133],"data,":[136],"network,":[137],"consensus,":[138],"smart":[139],"contract,":[140],"application":[142],"layers.":[143],"And":[144],"then,":[145],"describe":[147],"weaknesses":[149],"technical":[151],"approaches":[152],"they":[153],"address.":[154],"On":[155],"basis":[157],"comprehensive":[160],"analysis,":[161],"several":[164],"challenges":[165],"possible":[167],"future":[168],"directions":[169],"offer":[173],"ideas":[174],"for":[175],"further":[176],"research.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
