{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138914166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","title":"Exploring efficiency frontiers of thinking budget in medical reasoning: Scaling laws between computational resources and reasoning quality","display_name":"Exploring efficiency frontiers of thinking budget in medical reasoning: Scaling laws between computational resources and reasoning quality","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138914166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11622463","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","issn_l":"1532-0464","issn":["1532-0464","1532-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108304756","display_name":"Ziqian Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqian Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107964265","display_name":"Lan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3087-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongying Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongying Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046168949","display_name":"Junhao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120356416","display_name":"Enze Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enze Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6787-4320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101150059","display_name":"Junmin Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junmin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656834","display_name":"Tianyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-0566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101430778","display_name":"Keyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004249828","display_name":"Xiu Xian Chia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079848050","display_name":"Zihan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-3497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177336056","display_name":"OSRAM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045d0h266","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177336056","https://openalex.org/I4210103613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liang Chia","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Agent Lab, Vokram Group, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177336056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338921","display_name":"Huan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0253-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044351838","display_name":"Chunjie Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-873X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huafeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031065384","display_name":"Jibin Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-4672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunjie Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129942167","display_name":"Joe Yeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100543189","display_name":"Yongzhi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Yeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827784","display_name":"Junfeng Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-371X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088272432","display_name":"P Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Yuqing Hemodialysis Service Management Group Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China. Electronic address: ygzhjf85@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Yuqing Hemodialysis Service Management Group Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China. Electronic address: ygzhjf85@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-3129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176834541","display_name":"Guangdong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04k5rxe29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. Electronic address: wangpeng@gdmu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-3129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. Electronic address: wangpeng@gdmu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088272432","https://openalex.org/A5101430778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176834541","https://openalex.org/I177336056"],"apc_list":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28357472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"178","issue":null,"first_page":"105025","last_page":"105025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.12129999697208405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.10170000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5995000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementarity","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4016000032424927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5995000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8505890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605095","display_name":"Budget constraint","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106195933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7847935","display_name":"Truncation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086723","descriptor_name":"Clinical Reasoning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086723","descriptor_name":"Clinical Reasoning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002017","descriptor_name":"Budgets","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002017","descriptor_name":"Budgets","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11622463","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","issn_l":"1532-0464","issn":["1532-0464","1532-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41862148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of biomedical informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3729259090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A2024394","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322161","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211019939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82170691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8882603599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B2025038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322161","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322161","display_name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986571455","https://openalex.org/W3204558946","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4387485634","https://openalex.org/W4392172846","https://openalex.org/W4401908321","https://openalex.org/W4403420208","https://openalex.org/W4403925918","https://openalex.org/W4405623173","https://openalex.org/W4405822444","https://openalex.org/W4410056248","https://openalex.org/W4411403346","https://openalex.org/W4412392471"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
