{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133184889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","title":"A comprehensive survey on medical concept normalization: Datasets, techniques, applications, and future directions","display_name":"A comprehensive survey on medical concept normalization: Datasets, techniques, applications, and future directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133184889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41780734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11622463","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","issn_l":"1532-0464","issn":["1532-0464","1532-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127834728","display_name":"Haihua Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anuradha and Vikas Sinha Department of Data Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: haihua.chen@unt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anuradha and Vikas Sinha Department of Data Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: haihua.chen@unt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126728212","display_name":"Yuhan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: yuhanzhou@my.unt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: yuhanzhou@my.unt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089835154","display_name":"Ruochi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5599-013X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruochi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA. Electronic address: rli14@ncsu.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA. Electronic address: rli14@ncsu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120399817","display_name":"Aryan Murthy Illa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aryan Murthy Illa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: AryanMurthyIlla@my.unt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: AryanMurthyIlla@my.unt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006693003","display_name":"Ana D. Cleveland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-9418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Cleveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: ana.cleveland@unt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: ana.cleveland@unt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127826714","display_name":"Junhua Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhua Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anuradha and Vikas Sinha Department of Data Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: junhua.ding@unt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anuradha and Vikas Sinha Department of Data Science, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203, TX, USA. Electronic address: junhua.ding@unt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127834728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58897879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"178","issue":null,"first_page":"105005","last_page":"105005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7163000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7163000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.06939999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.019999999552965164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.517799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7386999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.6096000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.517799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106977388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752427","display_name":"Medical research","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162984825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339072","display_name":"Database normalization","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017579018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16024164","display_name":"Medical journal","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11622463","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","issn_l":"1532-0464","issn":["1532-0464","1532-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41780734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41780734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of biomedical informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747666062","https://openalex.org/W2034626816","https://openalex.org/W2037210357","https://openalex.org/W2085752173","https://openalex.org/W2131546905","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2169099542","https://openalex.org/W2235955903","https://openalex.org/W2259159222","https://openalex.org/W2284250673","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2463981085","https://openalex.org/W2509884321","https://openalex.org/W2610937402","https://openalex.org/W2761714433","https://openalex.org/W2763990719","https://openalex.org/W2794085611","https://openalex.org/W2798768860","https://openalex.org/W2808598571","https://openalex.org/W2808838104","https://openalex.org/W2895296143","https://openalex.org/W2908840510","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2917968119","https://openalex.org/W2921264916","https://openalex.org/W2941623535","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2972313266","https://openalex.org/W2972483465","https://openalex.org/W2972736338","https://openalex.org/W2974691035","https://openalex.org/W2995450470","https://openalex.org/W3000344024","https://openalex.org/W3003406981","https://openalex.org/W3011414630","https://openalex.org/W3012932209","https://openalex.org/W3016304771","https://openalex.org/W3033639018","https://openalex.org/W3034229721","https://openalex.org/W3035021780","https://openalex.org/W3043240831","https://openalex.org/W3047797631","https://openalex.org/W3081791105","https://openalex.org/W3083292545","https://openalex.org/W3084577608","https://openalex.org/W3087801495","https://openalex.org/W3092486910","https://openalex.org/W3098749353","https://openalex.org/W3101372913","https://openalex.org/W3102668995","https://openalex.org/W3102749286","https://openalex.org/W3103488586","https://openalex.org/W3104015140","https://openalex.org/W3105801792","https://openalex.org/W3112302290","https://openalex.org/W3112820477","https://openalex.org/W3113300158","https://openalex.org/W3116070535","https://openalex.org/W3119145505","https://openalex.org/W3127800866","https://openalex.org/W3133330417","https://openalex.org/W3135534916","https://openalex.org/W3159579291","https://openalex.org/W3161430317","https://openalex.org/W3164540570","https://openalex.org/W3169341408","https://openalex.org/W3170822064","https://openalex.org/W3172427031","https://openalex.org/W3172540971","https://openalex.org/W3173333551","https://openalex.org/W3173667512","https://openalex.org/W3175655865","https://openalex.org/W3175892651","https://openalex.org/W3177560551","https://openalex.org/W3187852182","https://openalex.org/W3196318080","https://openalex.org/W3198980621","https://openalex.org/W3200098776","https://openalex.org/W3211454967","https://openalex.org/W3212459720","https://openalex.org/W3212714602","https://openalex.org/W4210616794","https://openalex.org/W4213016248","https://openalex.org/W4221142212","https://openalex.org/W4223546521","https://openalex.org/W4285058001","https://openalex.org/W4285121535","https://openalex.org/W4286491780","https://openalex.org/W4309103061","https://openalex.org/W4311002444","https://openalex.org/W4311903220","https://openalex.org/W4313192416","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4327675359","https://openalex.org/W4362459826","https://openalex.org/W4367046954","https://openalex.org/W4367669997","https://openalex.org/W4381587418","https://openalex.org/W4382196221","https://openalex.org/W4385567275","https://openalex.org/W4385570752","https://openalex.org/W4385573531","https://openalex.org/W4385825816","https://openalex.org/W4386702854","https://openalex.org/W4388486466","https://openalex.org/W4388593813","https://openalex.org/W4389518747","https://openalex.org/W4389520293","https://openalex.org/W4390610617","https://openalex.org/W4390943477","https://openalex.org/W4391582717","https://openalex.org/W4392168796","https://openalex.org/W4392195214","https://openalex.org/W4392384895","https://openalex.org/W4392576406","https://openalex.org/W4392616920","https://openalex.org/W4392637217","https://openalex.org/W4396636677","https://openalex.org/W4400086954","https://openalex.org/W4401000066","https://openalex.org/W4401103265","https://openalex.org/W4401103297","https://openalex.org/W4401440681","https://openalex.org/W4401540052","https://openalex.org/W4401931223","https://openalex.org/W4402697996","https://openalex.org/W4402916384","https://openalex.org/W4403059180","https://openalex.org/W4403174382","https://openalex.org/W4405266715","https://openalex.org/W4405760712","https://openalex.org/W4405867157","https://openalex.org/W4409137999","https://openalex.org/W4411119508","https://openalex.org/W7131777158","https://openalex.org/W7131783158","https://openalex.org/W7131792124","https://openalex.org/W7131812803","https://openalex.org/W7131834944"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}