{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4298013138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","title":"Automatic tree crown segmentation using dense forest point clouds from Personal Laser Scanning (PLS)","display_name":"Automatic tree crown segmentation using dense forest point clouds from Personal Laser Scanning (PLS)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4298013138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049658472","display_name":"Andreas Tockner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-6713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Tockner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-6713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043704804","display_name":"Christoph Gollob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-5115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Gollob","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028035372","display_name":"Ralf Kra\u00dfnitzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Kra\u00dfnitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012743555","display_name":"Tim Ritter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Ritter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021883565","display_name":"Arne Nothdurft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7065-7601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arne Nothdurft","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth, Peter-Jordan-Str. 29, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049658472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"],"apc_list":{"value":2250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2250},"apc_paid":{"value":2250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2250},"fwci":3.2022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92302691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":null,"first_page":"103025","last_page":"103025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.800287663936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7742241621017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.734573483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6603381633758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diameter-at-breast-height","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","score":0.6069574356079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.5905585289001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5453606843948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47636863589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4105125665664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40814799070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.376633882522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3726857900619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3247981667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2852661907672882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.15506333112716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.1321485936641693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08740460872650146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.800287663936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7742241621017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.734573483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6603381633758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58330081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973582","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","level":2,"score":0.6069574356079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.5905585289001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5453606843948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47636863589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4105125665664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40814799070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.376633882522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3726857900619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3247981667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2852661907672882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.15506333112716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.1321485936641693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08740460872650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7ee5dafdae84e6088512a4c6efd4c48","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7ee5dafdae84e6088512a4c6efd4c48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, Vol 114, Iss , Pp 103025- (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603114333","https://openalex.org/W1965722011","https://openalex.org/W2057424186","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2466494297","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2611090267","https://openalex.org/W2739193552","https://openalex.org/W2761729105","https://openalex.org/W2766684008","https://openalex.org/W2787130307","https://openalex.org/W2800958576","https://openalex.org/W2810411589","https://openalex.org/W2901059292","https://openalex.org/W2955191297","https://openalex.org/W2987876984","https://openalex.org/W3024401514","https://openalex.org/W3081084977","https://openalex.org/W3088292472","https://openalex.org/W3089962227","https://openalex.org/W3092969623","https://openalex.org/W3097107142","https://openalex.org/W3134487963","https://openalex.org/W3177812761","https://openalex.org/W3192946819","https://openalex.org/W3207302920","https://openalex.org/W3209943889","https://openalex.org/W4224298876","https://openalex.org/W4224909621","https://openalex.org/W4399546771","https://openalex.org/W4399570781","https://openalex.org/W7037815272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W2057108775","https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2403569092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"digital-based":[1],"technologies":[2],"to":[3,14,37,158],"monitor":[4],"forest":[5,31,221],"ecosystems,":[6],"personal":[7],"laser":[8],"scanning":[9],"(PLS)":[10],"has":[11],"high":[12],"potential":[13],"characterize":[15],"even":[16],"complex":[17],"deciduous":[18],"and":[19,26,51,79,105,112,130,142,168,181,190,212,219],"rainforests.":[20],"PLS":[21,97],"data":[22,99],"include":[23],"a":[24,137,143,160,176,182,199,216],"complete":[25],"detailed":[27],"3D":[28],"representation":[29],"of":[30,102,125,139,149,163,178,184],"stands,":[32],"but":[33,198],"tree":[34,43,69,87,131,172],"individuals":[35],"need":[36],"be":[38,159],"segmented":[39],"accurately":[40,134],"before":[41],"retrieving":[42],"characteristics.":[44],"As":[45],"manual":[46],"on-screen":[47],"segmentation":[48,62,103,123,196],"is":[49],"time-consuming":[50],"labor":[52],"intensive,":[53],"we":[54],"suggest":[55],"an":[56,210],"automatic":[57,218],"voxel-based":[58],"region":[59],"growing":[60],"crown":[61,71,75,80,114,155,166,173],"algorithm.":[63],"Diameter":[64],"at":[65],"breast":[66],"height":[67,73,132,189],"(dbh),":[68],"height,":[70],"base":[72],"(cbh),":[74],"projection":[76],"area":[77],"(cpa)":[78],"volume":[81,174],"were":[82,116,192],"automatically":[83],"extracted":[84],"from":[85],"single":[86],"point":[88],"clouds.":[89],"The":[90,121,206],"methodology":[91,208],"was":[92,128,133],"validated":[93],"on":[94],"previously":[95],"published":[96],"raw":[98],"in":[100,203],"terms":[101],"accuracy":[104,124],"measurement":[106],"precision.":[107],"Manual":[108],"segmentation,":[109],"field":[110],"measurements,":[111],"geometrical":[113],"models":[115,156],"used":[117],"as":[118],"reference":[119],"data.":[120],"overall":[122],"the":[126,164,170],"crowns":[127],"87.02%":[129],"measured":[135,171],"with":[136,175],"bias":[138,177],"\u22120.05":[140],"m":[141,151],"root":[144],"mean":[145],"square":[146],"deviation":[147],"(RMSD)":[148],"1.21":[150],"(6.33%).":[152],"Existing":[153],"geometric":[154],"proved":[157],"realistic":[161],"approximation":[162],"true":[165],"architecture":[167],"matched":[169],"\u22124.62":[179],"m3":[180,186],"RMSD":[183],"63.02":[185],"(31.72%).":[187],"Tree":[188],"cpa":[191],"not":[193],"affected":[194],"by":[195],"accuracy,":[197],"major":[200],"challenge":[201],"remained":[202],"estimating":[204],"cbh.":[205],"proposed":[207],"provides":[209],"efficient":[211],"low-cost":[213],"solution":[214],"for":[215],"fully":[217],"digital":[220],"inventory.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
