{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7132824823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2026.102696","title":"HEAL-LLMF: A hierarchical explainable AI framework using LLM fusion for multi-modal and personalized healthcare decision making","display_name":"HEAL-LLMF: A hierarchical explainable AI framework using LLM fusion for multi-modal and personalized healthcare decision making","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7132824823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2026.102696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.is.2026.102696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2026.102696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193006928","display_name":"Information Systems","issn_l":"0306-4379","issn":["0306-4379","1873-6076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127566002","display_name":"Mohd Anul Haq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Anul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences.Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences.Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088791667","display_name":"Abdelmoneim Ali Mohamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelmoneim Ali Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences.Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences.Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127567444","display_name":"Rakesh Kumar Mahendran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rakesh Kumar Mahendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai 602 105, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai 602 105, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127567444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"],"apc_list":{"value":2970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6650382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"140","issue":null,"first_page":"102696","last_page":"102696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.40149998664855957,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.40149998664855957,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.3693000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.03150000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support-system","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regret","display_name":"Regret","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"Data integration","score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.33149999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50817715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79895177","display_name":"Regret","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45827449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270338","display_name":"Diagnosis code","level":3,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.is.2026.102696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2026.102696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193006928","display_name":"Information Systems","issn_l":"0306-4379","issn":["0306-4379","1873-6076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7464056015014648}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206914990","https://openalex.org/W4211075414","https://openalex.org/W4291415542","https://openalex.org/W4293195805","https://openalex.org/W4367625586","https://openalex.org/W4379093639","https://openalex.org/W4382119284","https://openalex.org/W4385201870","https://openalex.org/W4386825235","https://openalex.org/W4387490662","https://openalex.org/W4388210476","https://openalex.org/W4389542820","https://openalex.org/W4390730164","https://openalex.org/W4392168796","https://openalex.org/W4394877296","https://openalex.org/W4401076218","https://openalex.org/W4405079446","https://openalex.org/W4408237661","https://openalex.org/W4408725839","https://openalex.org/W4408863244","https://openalex.org/W4416408571"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-03-01T00:00:00"}