{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126090987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641","title":"Invariant learning improves out-of-distribution generalization for IP geolocation","display_name":"Invariant learning improves out-of-distribution generalization for IP geolocation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126090987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174847851","display_name":"Information Processing & Management","issn_l":"0306-4573","issn":["0306-4573","1873-5371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Processing & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaohan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31595395","display_name":"Chengdu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pejbw21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139481","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/04323m874","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Media Technology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610054, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Media Technology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481","https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043425721","display_name":"Xueting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090741164","display_name":"Wenxin Tai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-8324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Tai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053873734","display_name":"Joojo Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-6597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31595395","display_name":"Chengdu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pejbw21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joojo Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of International Education, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of International Education, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31595395","https://openalex.org/I24201400","https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124278399","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124236275","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109195800","display_name":"Fan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31595395","display_name":"Chengdu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pejbw21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139481","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/04323m874","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162809","display_name":"Kashi University","ror":"https://ror.org/055a4rj94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162809"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kash Institute of Electronics and Information Industry, Kashgar, 844000, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Media Technology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610054, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kash Institute of Electronics and Information Industry, Kashgar, 844000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162809"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Media Technology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481","https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109195800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I31595395","https://openalex.org/I4210139481","https://openalex.org/I4210162809"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22235801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"5","first_page":"104641","last_page":"104641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9158999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9158999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.8937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.400299996137619}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.8937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7164000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2702000141143799}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.104641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174847851","display_name":"Information Processing & Management","issn_l":"0306-4573","issn":["0306-4573","1873-5371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Processing & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2243393327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGC TRS T41-603/20-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976612152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5983462902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1924061111","https://openalex.org/W2049488566","https://openalex.org/W2085081605","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2167868809","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2795420234","https://openalex.org/W3023923584","https://openalex.org/W3204644994","https://openalex.org/W4387360037","https://openalex.org/W4390341596","https://openalex.org/W4415964637","https://openalex.org/W7108224373"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}