{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377080009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","title":"Fortaleza: The emergence of a network hub","display_name":"Fortaleza: The emergence of a network hub","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377080009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091976762","display_name":"Eric Bragion","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Bragion","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043054635","display_name":"Habiba Akter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-516X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habiba Akter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739494","display_name":"Mohit Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1600-6872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70971781","display_name":"Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar","ror":"https://ror.org/03xt0bg88","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70971781"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70971781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014474110","display_name":"Minxian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-5153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minxian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070017771","display_name":"Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1374-1882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090188734","display_name":"Sukhpal Singh Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3913-0369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sukhpal Singh Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3913-0369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014474110","https://openalex.org/A5090188734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4919,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62622503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"272","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miami","display_name":"Miami","score":0.6922932863235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5451939702033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5088103413581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.415861576795578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.40562760829925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3880324959754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.37220099568367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.36637410521507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2847789525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09305301308631897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2606647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6827257","display_name":"Miami","level":2,"score":0.6922932863235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5451939702033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5088103413581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.415861576795578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40562760829925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3880324959754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.37220099568367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36637410521507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2847789525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09305301308631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2307.13602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13602","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.13602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/88447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/88447","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/88447/2/Gill%20Fortaleza%3a%20The%20emergence%20of%20a%20network%20hub%202023%20Published.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86265b38ab074d9b84c43306339bebd3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86265b38ab074d9b84c43306339bebd3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, Vol 3, Iss , Pp 272-279 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G605460724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102408","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7014510426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023VTC0006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311061","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332772","display_name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107276343","https://openalex.org/W2151133244","https://openalex.org/W2172067026","https://openalex.org/W2471661703","https://openalex.org/W2558503915","https://openalex.org/W3048498988","https://openalex.org/W4220966162","https://openalex.org/W4235809187","https://openalex.org/W6720439600","https://openalex.org/W6789938449","https://openalex.org/W7042820311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118362297","https://openalex.org/W4238016385","https://openalex.org/W4253941639","https://openalex.org/W1968631095","https://openalex.org/W2313367634","https://openalex.org/W2329373968","https://openalex.org/W3004666536","https://openalex.org/W2321291882","https://openalex.org/W2333391369","https://openalex.org/W2917405076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digitalisation,":[0],"accelerated":[1],"by":[2],"the":[3,7,25,45,60,89,101,176],"pandemic,":[4],"has":[5,20,69,103],"brought":[6],"opportunity":[8],"for":[9,77,191],"companies":[10,73],"to":[11,54,75,87,110,139,151,179,187],"expand":[12],"their":[13,16,82],"businesses":[14],"beyond":[15],"geographic":[17],"location":[18],"and":[19,34,72,84,113,141,148,164],"considerably":[21],"affected":[22],"networks":[23,51],"around":[24],"world.":[26],"Cloud":[27],"services":[28],"have":[29,171],"a":[30,107,131,172],"better":[31],"acceptance":[32],"nowadays,":[33],"it":[35],"is":[36,115],"foreseen":[37],"that":[38,52,79,134,168],"this":[39,85,114,117],"industry":[40],"will":[41,80],"grow":[42],"exponentially":[43],"in":[44,57,65,93],"following":[46],"years.":[47],"With":[48,95],"more":[49],"distributed":[50],"need":[53],"support":[55],"customers":[56],"different":[58,111,193],"locations,":[59],"model":[61],"of":[62,122],"one-single":[63],"server":[64],"big":[66,173],"financial":[67],"centres":[68],"become":[70],"outdated":[71],"tend":[74],"look":[76],"alternatives":[78],"meet":[81],"needs,":[83],"seems":[86],"be":[88,188],"case":[90],"with":[91,195],"Fortaleza,":[92],"Brazil.":[94],"several":[96],"submarine":[97],"cables":[98],"connections":[99],"available,":[100],"city":[102],"stood":[104],"out":[105],"as":[106],"possible":[108],"hub":[109],"regions,":[112],"what":[116],"paper":[118],"explores.":[119],"Making":[120],"use":[121],"real":[123],"traffic":[124],"data":[125],"through":[126],"looking":[127],"glasses,":[128],"we":[129],"established":[130],"latency":[132],"classification":[133],"ranges":[135],"from":[136,145],"exceptionally":[137],"low":[138,197],"high":[140],"analysed":[142],"800":[143],"latencies":[144],"Roubaix,":[146],"Fortaleza":[147,185],"Sao":[149,159],"Paulo":[150],"Miami,":[152],"Mexico":[153],"City,":[154],"Frankfurt,":[155],"Paris,":[156],"Milan,":[157],"Prague,":[158],"Paulo,":[160],"Santiago,":[161],"Buenos":[162],"Aires":[163],"Luanda.":[165],"We":[166],"found":[167],"non-developed":[169],"countries":[170],"dependence":[174],"on":[175],"United":[177],"States":[178],"route":[180],"Internet":[181],"traffic.":[182],"Despite":[183],"this,":[184],"proves":[186],"an":[189],"alternative":[190],"serving":[192],"regions":[194],"relatively":[196],"latencies.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T15:46:55.921056","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}