{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365512576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","title":"ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope","display_name":"ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365512576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019998558","display_name":"Partha Pratim Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4616-2577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43475992","display_name":"Sikkim University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wa05t61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43475992"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Partha Pratim Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sikkim University, Gangtok, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sikkim University, Gangtok, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43475992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019998558"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43475992"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":83.6227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2355,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99944118,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"121","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5762930512428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.5120771527290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.43834468722343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4352065920829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3847155272960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3264744281768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2092081606388092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5762930512428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.5120771527290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.43834468722343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4352065920829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3847155272960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3264744281768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2092081606388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8dd3c9fc3124de8a3bb0a9ab80ee871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8dd3c9fc3124de8a3bb0a9ab80ee871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, Vol 3, Iss , Pp 121-154 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180977","display_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2667-3452","issn":["2667-3452"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":227,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38201321","https://openalex.org/W72496981","https://openalex.org/W1976732164","https://openalex.org/W2046430955","https://openalex.org/W2048189380","https://openalex.org/W2066545696","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2506282302","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2612890464","https://openalex.org/W2725331431","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2769358515","https://openalex.org/W2775988183","https://openalex.org/W2781528640","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2792060182","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2911227954","https://openalex.org/W2938704169","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963026800","https://openalex.org/W2963636167","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970120757","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2973049837","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W2980938316","https://openalex.org/W3011594683","https://openalex.org/W3034775979","https://openalex.org/W3039201763","https://openalex.org/W3044058576","https://openalex.org/W3095319910","https://openalex.org/W3105788222","https://openalex.org/W3112103703","https://openalex.org/W3162616674","https://openalex.org/W3170936934","https://openalex.org/W3172707490","https://openalex.org/W3176634681","https://openalex.org/W3183866186","https://openalex.org/W3188660305","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4210747891","https://openalex.org/W4214870900","https://openalex.org/W4220931862","https://openalex.org/W4225353277","https://openalex.org/W4231158154","https://openalex.org/W4232870674","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4246981428","https://openalex.org/W4253763531","https://openalex.org/W4254670259","https://openalex.org/W4255213446","https://openalex.org/W4287824654","https://openalex.org/W4287829148","https://openalex.org/W4288066876","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4313127703","https://openalex.org/W4313215597","https://openalex.org/W4313479734","https://openalex.org/W4313889418","https://openalex.org/W4315606663","https://openalex.org/W4317910584","https://openalex.org/W4318069287","https://openalex.org/W4318263917","https://openalex.org/W4318618627","https://openalex.org/W4318829849","https://openalex.org/W4318899036","https://openalex.org/W4318925155","https://openalex.org/W4318931874","https://openalex.org/W4319083882","https://openalex.org/W4319301446","https://openalex.org/W4319341091","https://openalex.org/W4319350602","https://openalex.org/W4319656294","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4319663047","https://openalex.org/W4319773014","https://openalex.org/W4319863236","https://openalex.org/W4319868628","https://openalex.org/W4320009650","https://openalex.org/W4320009668","https://openalex.org/W4320486331","https://openalex.org/W4320893927","https://openalex.org/W4320895630","https://openalex.org/W4321012208","https://openalex.org/W4321014957","https://openalex.org/W4321106177","https://openalex.org/W4321116084","https://openalex.org/W4321153003","https://openalex.org/W4321167341","https://openalex.org/W4321207578","https://openalex.org/W4321351832","https://openalex.org/W4321366933","https://openalex.org/W4321436564","https://openalex.org/W4321446367","https://openalex.org/W4321499901","https://openalex.org/W4321504227","https://openalex.org/W4321524280","https://openalex.org/W4322008312","https://openalex.org/W4322217015","https://openalex.org/W4322492760","https://openalex.org/W4322631505","https://openalex.org/W4322703880","https://openalex.org/W4322719791","https://openalex.org/W4322730935","https://openalex.org/W4322761615","https://openalex.org/W4322774141","https://openalex.org/W4323044707","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4323256981","https://openalex.org/W4323313947","https://openalex.org/W4323338414","https://openalex.org/W4323343555","https://openalex.org/W4323344583","https://openalex.org/W4323347604","https://openalex.org/W4323348223","https://openalex.org/W4323350039","https://openalex.org/W4323531772","https://openalex.org/W4323536358","https://openalex.org/W4323652488","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4323717348","https://openalex.org/W4323811257","https://openalex.org/W4323925952","https://openalex.org/W4324128514","https://openalex.org/W4324304837","https://openalex.org/W4324354038","https://openalex.org/W4327520012","https://openalex.org/W4327635225","https://openalex.org/W4327811957","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4328030235","https://openalex.org/W4360620450","https://openalex.org/W4360762369","https://openalex.org/W4367664215","https://openalex.org/W4368250038","https://openalex.org/W4375949262","https://openalex.org/W4379259169","https://openalex.org/W4384641573","https://openalex.org/W4384834621","https://openalex.org/W4385223296","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385302156","https://openalex.org/W4385430086","https://openalex.org/W4385570966","https://openalex.org/W4387546941","https://openalex.org/W4389009446","https://openalex.org/W4389009551","https://openalex.org/W4389419901","https://openalex.org/W4389437528","https://openalex.org/W4389523957","https://openalex.org/W4389524414","https://openalex.org/W4390045910","https://openalex.org/W4392669753","https://openalex.org/W4398166244","https://openalex.org/W4404658388","https://openalex.org/W6602972026","https://openalex.org/W6610152127","https://openalex.org/W6721933647","https://openalex.org/W6725198608","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6730424566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741969125","https://openalex.org/W6745625233","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6766956294","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6770944320","https://openalex.org/W6774583061","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6781966442","https://openalex.org/W6784426183","https://openalex.org/W6796486455","https://openalex.org/W6796516838","https://openalex.org/W6797229717","https://openalex.org/W6797934330","https://openalex.org/W6797953900","https://openalex.org/W6800063711","https://openalex.org/W6802568946","https://openalex.org/W6810647449","https://openalex.org/W6810970473","https://openalex.org/W6845669061","https://openalex.org/W6846381749","https://openalex.org/W6848059592","https://openalex.org/W6848640098","https://openalex.org/W6848977958","https://openalex.org/W6849172783","https://openalex.org/W6849352455","https://openalex.org/W6849442888","https://openalex.org/W6849497746","https://openalex.org/W6849513480","https://openalex.org/W6849636505","https://openalex.org/W6849692954","https://openalex.org/W6849704216","https://openalex.org/W6849865940","https://openalex.org/W6849883450","https://openalex.org/W6849998897","https://openalex.org/W6850009721","https://openalex.org/W6850069782","https://openalex.org/W6850127412","https://openalex.org/W6850135255","https://openalex.org/W6850142808","https://openalex.org/W6850227699","https://openalex.org/W6850312366","https://openalex.org/W6850432799","https://openalex.org/W6850447290","https://openalex.org/W6850507425","https://openalex.org/W6850577281","https://openalex.org/W6850700800","https://openalex.org/W6850706490","https://openalex.org/W6850731420","https://openalex.org/W6850784337","https://openalex.org/W6850807518","https://openalex.org/W6850808266","https://openalex.org/W6851048727","https://openalex.org/W6851086451","https://openalex.org/W6851295011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W178231042","https://openalex.org/W2360028903","https://openalex.org/W4280543773","https://openalex.org/W2366083136","https://openalex.org/W2387622493","https://openalex.org/W2808360891","https://openalex.org/W1932132538","https://openalex.org/W2357832196","https://openalex.org/W2362452928","https://openalex.org/W4200375594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1,28],"years,":[2,29],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"and":[6,50,62,77,93,114,126,139,166,171,181,202,215,230,244,255],"machine":[7],"learning":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10,158],"transforming":[11],"the":[12,20,45,82,104,128,143,153,175,178,185,193],"landscape":[13,145],"of":[14,18,53,106,111,146,187,195,232,241,262],"scientific":[15,160],"research.":[16],"Out":[17],"which,":[19],"chatbot":[21],"technology":[22],"has":[23,157,248],"experienced":[24],"tremendous":[25],"advancements":[26],"in":[27,142,189,211,257],"especially":[30],"with":[31,120],"ChatGPT":[32,86,107,156,188,217,247],"emerging":[33],"as":[34,73],"a":[35,197,258],"notable":[36],"AI":[37],"language":[38],"model.":[39],"This":[40,131,150,224],"comprehensive":[41],"review":[42,132],"delves":[43],"into":[44],"background,":[46],"applications,":[47],"key":[48],"challenges,":[49],"future":[51,105],"directions":[52],"ChatGPT.":[54,233],"We":[55,79],"begin":[56],"by":[57,108],"exploring":[58,109],"its":[59,67,118],"origins,":[60],"development,":[61,115],"underlying":[63],"technology,":[64],"before":[65],"examining":[66],"wide-ranging":[68],"applications":[69],"across":[70],"industries":[71,256],"such":[72,222],"customer":[74],"service,":[75],"healthcare,":[76],"education.":[78],"also":[80,226],"highlight":[81],"critical":[83],"challenges":[84,180,220],"that":[85,239],"faces,":[87],"including":[88],"ethical":[89,182,209,245],"concerns,":[90,246],"data":[91,164],"biases,":[92],"safety":[94],"issues,":[95],"while":[96,191],"discussing":[97],"potential":[98,179],"mitigation":[99],"strategies.":[100],"Finally,":[101],"we":[102],"envision":[103],"areas":[110],"further":[112],"research":[113],"focusing":[116],"on":[117],"integration":[119],"other":[121],"technologies,":[122],"improved":[123],"human-AI":[124],"interaction,":[125],"addressing":[127],"digital":[129],"divide.":[130],"offers":[133],"valuable":[134],"insights":[135],"for":[136],"researchers,":[137],"developers,":[138],"stakeholders":[140],"interested":[141],"ever-evolving":[144],"AI-driven":[147],"conversational":[148],"agents.":[149],"study":[151],"explores":[152],"various":[154],"ways":[155],"revolutionizing":[159],"research,":[161,190,254],"spanning":[162],"from":[163,252],"processing":[165],"hypothesis":[167],"generation":[168],"to":[169,221,237],"collaboration":[170],"public":[172],"outreach.":[173],"Furthermore,":[174],"paper":[176,206],"examines":[177],"concerns":[183],"surrounding":[184],"use":[186],"highlighting":[192],"importance":[194],"striking":[196],"balance":[198],"between":[199],"AI-assisted":[200],"innovation":[201],"human":[203],"expertise.":[204],"The":[205],"presents":[207],"several":[208,242],"issues":[210],"existing":[212],"computing":[213],"domain":[214],"how":[216],"can":[218],"invoke":[219],"notion.":[223],"work":[225],"includes":[227],"some":[228],"biases":[229],"limitations":[231],"It":[234],"is":[235],"worth":[236],"note":[238],"despite":[240],"controversies":[243],"attracted":[249],"remarkable":[250],"attentions":[251],"academia,":[253],"very":[259],"short":[260],"span":[261],"time.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":185},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":813},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":989},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":364},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}