{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143466367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","title":"A crop digital twin system for predictive growth monitoring and adaptive light control in controlled environment agriculture","display_name":"A crop digital twin system for predictive growth monitoring and adaptive light control in controlled environment agriculture","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143466367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069281382","display_name":"Mike O. Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-1902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130920643","display_name":"Yibin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8761-5387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094582980","display_name":"Cristian Bua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2300-0257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Bua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2300-0257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044408758","display_name":"Mazhar Sher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9345-6178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mazhar Sher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124063650","display_name":"Azlan Zahid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azlan Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-8680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044408758","https://openalex.org/A5124063650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674","https://openalex.org/I177156846"],"apc_list":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"apc_paid":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"fwci":9.6497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97307263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":null,"first_page":"101935","last_page":"101935"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.4560000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.4560000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.13439999520778656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-production","display_name":"Crop production","score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-growth","display_name":"Plant growth","score":0.2840999960899353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989409935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Crop production","level":3,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982966219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045481","display_name":"Plant growth","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993940100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756","display_name":"Plant production","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8459932208061218,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2424458218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7002248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6421582476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEX0-1-9916","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6864140868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEX09954","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G702608563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026-67021-45766","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7562973027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7008389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310164","display_name":"Texas A and M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334368","display_name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A and M University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032665639","https://openalex.org/W2038116918","https://openalex.org/W2050817640","https://openalex.org/W2771058985","https://openalex.org/W2788427747","https://openalex.org/W2799437918","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2904243378","https://openalex.org/W2913326729","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2989613844","https://openalex.org/W3045788690","https://openalex.org/W3127757142","https://openalex.org/W3130253709","https://openalex.org/W3136290196","https://openalex.org/W3137711069","https://openalex.org/W4205305895","https://openalex.org/W4206158614","https://openalex.org/W4206227284","https://openalex.org/W4284966860","https://openalex.org/W4285097082","https://openalex.org/W4285242555","https://openalex.org/W4306835715","https://openalex.org/W4383217053","https://openalex.org/W4391275815","https://openalex.org/W4391953811","https://openalex.org/W4391980708","https://openalex.org/W4393077908","https://openalex.org/W4396805861","https://openalex.org/W4402031384","https://openalex.org/W4403758980","https://openalex.org/W4406138071","https://openalex.org/W4406634793","https://openalex.org/W4407192592","https://openalex.org/W4407416718","https://openalex.org/W4408522866","https://openalex.org/W4412929693","https://openalex.org/W4413927411","https://openalex.org/W4414427473","https://openalex.org/W4415737833","https://openalex.org/W4416778846","https://openalex.org/W4417115358"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Controlled":[0],"Environment":[1],"Agriculture":[2],"(CEA)":[3],"offers":[4],"advantages,":[5],"including":[6],"improved":[7],"yields,":[8],"enhanced":[9],"quality,":[10],"and":[11,45,51,76,89,124,131,137,150,178,229,248],"reduced":[12],"waste":[13],"compared":[14],"to":[15,39,99],"conventional":[16],"farming.":[17],"However,":[18],"achieving":[19],"optimized":[20],"growth":[21,143,246],"strategies":[22],"remains":[23],"a":[24,29,33,83,182,213],"challenge.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"introduces":[28],"comprehensive":[30],"framework":[31,81,239],"for":[32,43,53,101,152,198,217,224,227,233],"Crop":[34],"Digital":[35],"Twin":[36],"System":[37],"(CDTS)":[38],"aggregate":[40],"data":[41,69,201],"pipelines":[42],"microclimate":[44,88,166],"crop":[46,245],"growth,":[47,93],"enabling":[48],"predictive":[49],"monitoring":[50],"control":[52,206],"resource-use":[54],"optimization":[55],"in":[56,103],"CEA.":[57,254],"We":[58],"explored":[59],"the":[60,109,113,153,163,192,195,204,220,237,253],"fundamental":[61],"construction":[62],"process":[63],"of":[64,68,112,127,148,173,186,194,219],"CDTS,":[65],"covering":[66],"stages":[67],"acquisition,":[70],"transmission,":[71],"model":[72],"development,":[73],"control,":[74,243],"optimization,":[75,247],"refinement.":[77],"The":[78],"proposed":[79,238],"CDTS":[80],"establishes":[82],"closed-loop":[84],"system":[85],"that":[86],"monitors":[87],"predicts":[90],"lettuce":[91],"plant":[92,142],"while":[94],"adaptively":[95],"regulating":[96],"artificial":[97],"illumination":[98,211],"compensate":[100],"variations":[102],"natural":[104],"sunlight.":[105],"Experimental":[106],"evaluation":[107],"demonstrates":[108],"computational":[110],"efficiency":[111],"edge-AI":[114],"system,":[115],"with":[116,165],"average":[117,170],"CPU":[118,122],"utilization,":[119,121],"GPU":[120],"temperature,":[123],"power":[125],"consumption":[126],"10.2%,":[128],"14.4%,":[129],"33\u00b0C,":[130],"15.6":[132],"W,":[133],"respectively,":[134],"during":[135],"fresh-weight":[136],"leaf-area":[138],"inference":[139],"tasks.":[140],"CDTS-enabled":[141],"prediction":[144],"achieves":[145],"R":[146],"2":[147],"0.928":[149],"0.903":[151],"studied":[154],"phenotypic":[155],"inferences,":[156],"respectively.":[157],"Sensor":[158],"network":[159],"performance":[160],"further":[161],"validates":[162],"framework,":[164],"sensors":[167,180],"exhibiting":[168],"an":[169],"daily":[171],"latency":[172,185],"165.24":[174],"ms":[175,188],"(\u00b113.20":[176],"ms)":[177],"nutrient":[179],"showing":[181],"slightly":[183],"higher":[184],"190.86":[187],"(\u00b127.70":[189],"ms),":[190],"highlighting":[191],"effectiveness":[193],"LoRaWAN":[196],"infrastructure":[197],"near":[199],"real-time":[200],"acquisition.":[202],"Moreover,":[203],"light":[205],"demonstrated":[207],"high":[208],"precision,":[209],"maintaining":[210],"within":[212,252],"2%":[214],"error":[215,232],"margin":[216],"94.88%":[218],"operational":[221],"period,":[222],"2\u20134%":[223],"3.71%,":[225],"4\u201310%":[226],"1.29%,":[228],"exceeding":[230],"10%":[231],"only":[234],"0.12%.":[235],"Overall,":[236],"enables":[240],"precise":[241],"environmental":[242],"supports":[244],"improves":[249],"management":[250],"practices":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
