{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162094560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","title":"Adaptive DeSeTra: Adaptive deformable-span self-attention transformer for LLM security","display_name":"Adaptive DeSeTra: Adaptive deformable-span self-attention transformer for LLM security","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162094560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092635451","display_name":"Konstantinos Giapantzis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Giapantzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061112638","display_name":"Panagiotis Bountakas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-1784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Bountakas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065154871","display_name":"Apostolis Zarras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-6989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolis Zarras","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077018501","display_name":"Aristeidis Farao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6954-0791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aristeidis Farao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014882973","display_name":"Vaios Bolgouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-7625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaios Bolgouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-7625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032247032","display_name":"Christos Xenakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-122X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Xenakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-122X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092635451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"],"apc_list":{"value":3330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3330},"apc_paid":{"value":3330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3330},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63136621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"754","issue":null,"first_page":"123670","last_page":"123670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.1615999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.1615999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.13979999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.13189999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.22990000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6898000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.22990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.22669999301433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.22040000557899475}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318628","display_name":"Hellenic Academic Libraries Link","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020018978","https://openalex.org/W4405796591","https://openalex.org/W4406728221","https://openalex.org/W4407945631","https://openalex.org/W4411336776","https://openalex.org/W4411403346","https://openalex.org/W4416209823","https://openalex.org/W6903239130"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0,104],"Language":[1,105],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"remain":[4],"vulnerable":[5],"to":[6,90],"prompt-based":[7],"attacks":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,172],"jailbreaks":[11],"and":[12,69,73,94,132,157,181],"prompt":[13,63,100,155],"injection,":[14],"highlighting":[15],"the":[16,52,102,113,160],"need":[17],"for":[18,48,154,159,166,176],"security":[19,136,179],"mechanisms":[20],"that":[21,50,128],"not":[22],"only":[23],"detect":[24],"malicious":[25,99],"intent":[26,59,85,139],"but":[27],"also":[28],"determine":[29],"whether":[30,112],"an":[31,122],"attack":[32,54,126],"actually":[33],"succeeds.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38],"introduce":[39],"Adaptive":[40,170],"DeSeTra,":[41],"a":[42,98,173],"novel":[43],"security-centric":[44],"Transformer":[45],"model":[46],"designed":[47],"deployment":[49],"mirrors":[51],"real-world":[53],"pipeline":[55],"through":[56],"two":[57],"layers:":[58,148],"detection":[60,140],"via":[61,76],"multi-class":[62],"classification":[64,78],"into":[65,79],"Benign":[66],",":[67],"Jailbreak":[68],"Prompt":[70],"Injection":[71],";":[72],"impact":[74,167],"assessment":[75,131],"response-level":[77,109],"Compliant":[80],"or":[81,119],"Refusal":[82],".":[83],"Prompt-level":[84],"identification":[86],"enables":[87,133],"low-latency":[88],"routing":[89],"appropriate":[91],"guardrails,":[92],"policies,":[93],"monitoring":[95,180],"controls":[96],"before":[97],"reaches":[101],"target":[103],"Model":[106],"(LLM).":[107],"Conversely,":[108],"evaluation":[110],"quantifies":[111],"adversarial":[114],"attempt":[115],"resulted":[116],"in":[117],"compliance":[118],"refusal,":[120],"providing":[121],"outcome-based":[123],"measure":[124],"of":[125],"effectiveness":[127],"supports":[129],"risk":[130],"more":[134],"informative":[135],"benchmarking":[137],"than":[138],"alone.":[141],"Experiments":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"strong":[144,174],"performance":[145],"across":[146],"both":[147],"99.35%":[149],"Accuracy/F1/Precision/Recall":[150],"with":[151,163],"99.85%":[152],"AUC":[153,165],"classification,":[156],"99.80%":[158],"same":[161],"metrics":[162],"99.98%":[164],"assessment,":[168],"positioning":[169],"DeSeTra":[171],"candidate":[175],"deployment-oriented":[177],"LLM":[178],"evaluation.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T06:12:49.907903","created_date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00"}
