{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161292601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641","title":"Fully- and semi-supervised hierarchical multi-label image classification with graph learning","display_name":"Fully- and semi-supervised hierarchical multi-label image classification with graph learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161292601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025526005724?via%3Dihub","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078991953","display_name":"Marjan Stoimchev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-3877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marjan Stoimchev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-3877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027608856","display_name":"Boshko Koloski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-0579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boshko Koloski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-0579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136193288","display_name":"Jurica Levati\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-051X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jurica Levati\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-051X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004076545","display_name":"Dragi Kocev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0687-0878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dragi Kocev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0687-0878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136193647","display_name":"Sa\u0161o D\u017eeroski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sa\u0161o D\u017eeroski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-712X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078991953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408","https://openalex.org/I4210113529"],"apc_list":{"value":3330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59578228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"754","issue":null,"first_page":"123641","last_page":"123641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.8585000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.8585000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.031199999153614044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.02250000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-class-classification","display_name":"One-class classification","score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.3513999879360199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34872919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092302","display_name":"One-class classification","level":3,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139532973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2679259","display_name":"Linear classifier","level":3,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227256","display_name":"Data classification","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.123641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192650101","display_name":"Information Sciences","issn_l":"0020-0255","issn":["0020-0255","1872-6291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d.cobiss.net/repository/si:282074883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025526005724?via%3Dihub","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055177","display_name":"dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"COBISS-ID: 23178245","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:d.cobiss.net/repository/si:282074883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025526005724?via%3Dihub","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055177","display_name":"dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"COBISS-ID: 23178245","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996365348","https://openalex.org/W2034025776","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2124396699","https://openalex.org/W2766938848","https://openalex.org/W2884821995","https://openalex.org/W2896109759","https://openalex.org/W2912664121","https://openalex.org/W2962838801","https://openalex.org/W2984353870","https://openalex.org/W2991083105","https://openalex.org/W3006271038","https://openalex.org/W3049743907","https://openalex.org/W3083277824","https://openalex.org/W3091842132","https://openalex.org/W3160583610","https://openalex.org/W4304758328","https://openalex.org/W4364302708","https://openalex.org/W4388819019","https://openalex.org/W4400525935","https://openalex.org/W4411143488"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}