{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286436554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","title":"The essential competencies of software professionals: A unified competence framework","display_name":"The essential competencies of software professionals: A unified competence framework","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286436554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010575297","display_name":"Nana Assyne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0469-6642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56822791","display_name":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04yexcn51","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56822791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI","GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nana Assyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIMPA, School of Technology, Accra, Ghana","University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Faculty of Information Technology, P.O. Box 35 (Agora), FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIMPA, School of Technology, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56822791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Faculty of Information Technology, P.O. Box 35 (Agora), FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013067945","display_name":"Hadi Ghanbari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-3025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Ghanbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, School of Business, Ekonominaukio 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland","FinEst Centre for Smart Cities, TalTech, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, School of Business, Ekonominaukio 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FinEst Centre for Smart Cities, TalTech, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082952729","display_name":"Mirja Pulkkinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-8666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirja Pulkkinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Faculty of Information Technology, P.O. Box 35 (Agora), FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Faculty of Information Technology, P.O. Box 35 (Agora), FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010575297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56822791","https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"fwci":7.9711,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97481103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"151","issue":null,"first_page":"107020","last_page":"107020"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13034","display_name":"Information Systems Education and Curriculum Development","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.6907192468643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5500544309616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-review","display_name":"Software review","score":0.523848295211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.5057754516601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-software-process","display_name":"Personal software process","score":0.46935898065567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-peer-review","display_name":"Software peer review","score":0.46256527304649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4482370913028717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering-process-group","display_name":"Software Engineering Process Group","score":0.42895227670669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-project-management","display_name":"Software project management","score":0.4166853725910187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3958229720592499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3859892785549164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.383726567029953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3625192940235138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32986757159233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development-process","display_name":"Software development process","score":0.32700392603874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.27451449632644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1404348611831665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6907192468643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5500544309616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125900194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516888","display_name":"Software review","level":5,"score":0.523848295211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.5057754516601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702721","display_name":"Personal software process","level":5,"score":0.46935898065567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74579156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554342","display_name":"Software peer review","level":5,"score":0.46256527304649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4482370913028717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44416564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554199","display_name":"Software Engineering Process Group","level":5,"score":0.42895227670669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40919944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947779","display_name":"Software project management","level":5,"score":0.4166853725910187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3958229720592499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3859892785549164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.383726567029953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3625192940235138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32986757159233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180152950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904257","display_name":"Software development process","level":4,"score":0.32700392603874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.27451449632644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1404348611831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/82529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202208154073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/115700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/235e2210-434e-4cfe-8385-9b5c2cc8ae7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G196852223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"856602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3434822641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"856602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8051717526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311040","display_name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","display_name":"Horizon 2020","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84882074","https://openalex.org/W175909298","https://openalex.org/W1495479466","https://openalex.org/W1506064528","https://openalex.org/W1924618820","https://openalex.org/W1978232027","https://openalex.org/W1992839815","https://openalex.org/W1994482848","https://openalex.org/W2002554683","https://openalex.org/W2016028346","https://openalex.org/W2016646235","https://openalex.org/W2017985901","https://openalex.org/W2019925559","https://openalex.org/W2031211776","https://openalex.org/W2035705267","https://openalex.org/W2046471382","https://openalex.org/W2063026879","https://openalex.org/W2070797233","https://openalex.org/W2084198048","https://openalex.org/W2086673082","https://openalex.org/W2089323262","https://openalex.org/W2089822497","https://openalex.org/W2092292089","https://openalex.org/W2097781226","https://openalex.org/W2111104126","https://openalex.org/W2131566901","https://openalex.org/W2136289494","https://openalex.org/W2140956556","https://openalex.org/W2141965919","https://openalex.org/W2147602626","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2277150556","https://openalex.org/W2320313889","https://openalex.org/W2473283196","https://openalex.org/W2541568294","https://openalex.org/W2587032473","https://openalex.org/W2601885581","https://openalex.org/W2622973408","https://openalex.org/W2746165404","https://openalex.org/W2755136311","https://openalex.org/W2768337278","https://openalex.org/W2785171569","https://openalex.org/W2792584233","https://openalex.org/W2809296819","https://openalex.org/W2884065534","https://openalex.org/W2896316994","https://openalex.org/W2914522500","https://openalex.org/W2962893562","https://openalex.org/W2986129904","https://openalex.org/W3023117544","https://openalex.org/W3147296301","https://openalex.org/W3172531436","https://openalex.org/W4200386129","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4230117151","https://openalex.org/W4234656583","https://openalex.org/W4235002251","https://openalex.org/W4235218367","https://openalex.org/W4238013173","https://openalex.org/W4244034183","https://openalex.org/W4245993917","https://openalex.org/W4251944970","https://openalex.org/W4255867453","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4299497317","https://openalex.org/W4300585763","https://openalex.org/W6603480351","https://openalex.org/W6607187194","https://openalex.org/W6629084455","https://openalex.org/W6630338201","https://openalex.org/W6632275890","https://openalex.org/W6643460365","https://openalex.org/W6647643157","https://openalex.org/W6648484421","https://openalex.org/W6650979717","https://openalex.org/W6654756403","https://openalex.org/W6655710870","https://openalex.org/W6657363216","https://openalex.org/W6658592117","https://openalex.org/W6665289391","https://openalex.org/W6666527934","https://openalex.org/W6667722166","https://openalex.org/W6673237661","https://openalex.org/W6679973891","https://openalex.org/W6681046770","https://openalex.org/W6729738273","https://openalex.org/W6731029336","https://openalex.org/W6735225069","https://openalex.org/W6744530191","https://openalex.org/W6749578990","https://openalex.org/W6753597305","https://openalex.org/W6758019863","https://openalex.org/W6770331167","https://openalex.org/W6777611660","https://openalex.org/W6805340901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397573609","https://openalex.org/W2611701482","https://openalex.org/W3018513720","https://openalex.org/W2134109003","https://openalex.org/W2072006847","https://openalex.org/W4389249297","https://openalex.org/W4252173008","https://openalex.org/W2737675305","https://openalex.org/W2079996525","https://openalex.org/W1660020436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developing":[0],"high-quality":[1],"software":[2,5,15,35,93,151,238,243,287],"requires":[3],"skilled":[4],"professionals":[6,36,94],"equipped":[7],"with":[8,131,142,145],"a":[9,30,46,101,109,146,166,174],"set":[10],"of":[11,48,92,123,184,226,282],"basic":[12],"and":[13,21,55,72,78,88,107,113,135,137,158,178,191,208,241,261],"essential":[14,193,230,259],"engineering":[16],"competencies":[17,20,57,91,218],"(SEC).":[18],"These":[19],"the":[22,90,121,150,155,222,242,258,264,280,283],"satisfaction":[23,201,265],"levels":[24,202,266],"derived":[25,270],"from":[26,38,133,271],"them":[27,227],"change":[28],"over":[29,76],"project's":[31],"lifecycle,":[32],"or":[33],"as":[34],"move":[37],"one":[39],"project":[40],"to":[41,53,69,104,251,278],"another.":[42],"Previous":[43],"studies":[44],"suggest":[45],"lack":[47],"means":[49],"enabling":[50],"SEC":[51,68,194,204,249],"stakeholders":[52,250],"identify":[54,87,253,257],"assess":[56,263],"suitable":[58],"for":[59,96,111,161,170,176,203],"different":[60,97,235,272],"projects.":[61,80,98,289],"Additionally,":[62,196],"previous":[63],"research":[64,275],"has":[65],"mainly":[66],"portrayed":[67],"be":[70,269],"static":[71],"overlooked":[73],"their":[74],"evolution":[75],"time":[77],"across":[79,286],"We":[81,99],"investigate":[82],"how":[83],"we":[84,119,164,197,215],"could":[85],"effectively":[86],"match":[89],"necessary":[95],"follow":[100],"mixed-method":[102],"approach":[103],"iteratively":[105],"develop":[106],"evaluate":[108,279],"framework":[110,175,247,285],"identifying":[112,177],"managing":[114,179],"SEC.":[115,180],"In":[116],"so":[117],"doing,":[118],"use":[120],"results":[122],"an":[124],"extensive":[125],"literature":[126],"review,":[127],"focus":[128],"group":[129],"discussions":[130],"experts":[132],"academia":[134],"industry,":[136],"data":[138],"collected":[139],"through":[140],"interviews":[141],"138":[143],"individuals":[144],"supervisory":[147],"role":[148],"in":[149,221],"industry.":[152,244],"Drawing":[153],"on":[154,212],"Kano":[156],"model":[157],"Competency":[159],"Framework":[160],"Software":[162,171],"Engineers,":[163],"propose":[165,198],"Unified":[167],"Competence":[168,232],"Gate":[169],"Professionals":[172],"(UComGSP),":[173],"The":[181,245],"UComGSP":[182,246],"consists":[183],"62":[185],"hard":[186],"competencies,":[187,190,255],"63":[188],"soft":[189],"25":[192],"competencies.":[195,231,273],"three":[199],"stakeholders\u2019":[200],"assessment:":[205],"basic,":[206],"performance,":[207],"delighter.":[209],"Furthermore,":[210],"based":[211],"empirical":[213],"observation,":[214],"report":[216],"27":[217],"not":[219],"mentioned":[220],"reviewed":[223],"literature;":[224],"11":[225],"are":[228],"considered":[229],"development":[233,288],"involves":[234],"stakeholders,":[236],"including":[237],"professionals,":[239],"educators,":[240],"enables":[248],"(i)":[252],"SE":[254],"(ii)":[256],"SEC,":[260],"(iii)":[262],"that":[267],"can":[268],"Future":[274],"is":[276],"needed":[277],"effectiveness":[281],"proposed":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
