{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384815182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2026.117563","title":"A survey of superpixel methods and their applications","display_name":"A survey of superpixel methods and their applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384815182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2026.117563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.image.2026.117563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2026.117563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38090728","display_name":"Signal Processing Image Communication","issn_l":"0923-5965","issn":["0923-5965","1879-2677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Signal Processing: Image Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.23682945","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103094416","display_name":"Chong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-4496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101465325","display_name":"Hong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-1757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong YAN","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2330},"apc_paid":{"value":2330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2330},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00064152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"145","issue":null,"first_page":"117563","last_page":"117563"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7003402709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6400579810142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5226904153823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5130442380905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.4780605137348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.43376290798187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42688706517219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37398678064346313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7003402709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6400579810142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5226904153823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5130442380905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4780605137348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.43376290798187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42688706517219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37398678064346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.image.2026.117563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2026.117563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38090728","display_name":"Signal Processing Image Communication","issn_l":"0923-5965","issn":["0923-5965","1879-2677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Signal Processing: Image Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.23682945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.23682945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"TechRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.23682945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.23682945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"TechRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4946508935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9610460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5330193577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11204821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5544219327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9610034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7337514501","display_name":"Matching Large Feature Sets based on Hypergraph Models and Structurally Adaptive CUR Decompositions of Compatibility Tensors","funder_award_id":"11204821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04vf9tr09"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W377632744","https://openalex.org/W1492409332","https://openalex.org/W1548953334","https://openalex.org/W1938929646","https://openalex.org/W1994938019","https://openalex.org/W2002704236","https://openalex.org/W2003060733","https://openalex.org/W2020498856","https://openalex.org/W2024165284","https://openalex.org/W2104125540","https://openalex.org/W2108424265","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2114808114","https://openalex.org/W2115284428","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119531662","https://openalex.org/W2124490330","https://openalex.org/W2128000934","https://openalex.org/W2135431554","https://openalex.org/W2159378019","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2317884369","https://openalex.org/W2471353525","https://openalex.org/W2472004022","https://openalex.org/W2584490639","https://openalex.org/W2585293115","https://openalex.org/W2592370397","https://openalex.org/W2608051802","https://openalex.org/W2610243532","https://openalex.org/W2612271937","https://openalex.org/W2617753185","https://openalex.org/W2621906522","https://openalex.org/W2771299673","https://openalex.org/W2787320474","https://openalex.org/W2792794215","https://openalex.org/W2793607189","https://openalex.org/W2798380924","https://openalex.org/W2804763951","https://openalex.org/W2883606943","https://openalex.org/W2899601977","https://openalex.org/W2905621769","https://openalex.org/W2908633847","https://openalex.org/W2948996190","https://openalex.org/W2950187842","https://openalex.org/W2951319200","https://openalex.org/W2970901259","https://openalex.org/W2982940677","https://openalex.org/W2987860915","https://openalex.org/W3006338227","https://openalex.org/W3013141333","https://openalex.org/W3035241330","https://openalex.org/W3036076032","https://openalex.org/W3041297595","https://openalex.org/W3080323865","https://openalex.org/W3089501380","https://openalex.org/W3099715001","https://openalex.org/W3105692206","https://openalex.org/W3113762501","https://openalex.org/W3124408609","https://openalex.org/W3137814792","https://openalex.org/W3162356934","https://openalex.org/W3167870138","https://openalex.org/W3173785487","https://openalex.org/W3197816912","https://openalex.org/W4284895341","https://openalex.org/W4288414330","https://openalex.org/W4288414334","https://openalex.org/W4299299234","https://openalex.org/W4307107759","https://openalex.org/W4312710511","https://openalex.org/W4313183505","https://openalex.org/W4362679702","https://openalex.org/W6651148544","https://openalex.org/W6653511434","https://openalex.org/W6676066589","https://openalex.org/W6679908752","https://openalex.org/W6683637010","https://openalex.org/W6697111280","https://openalex.org/W6720225234","https://openalex.org/W6733316252","https://openalex.org/W6736538070","https://openalex.org/W6746588475","https://openalex.org/W6749523101","https://openalex.org/W6749585484","https://openalex.org/W6753394782","https://openalex.org/W6763159682","https://openalex.org/W6770306437","https://openalex.org/W6780219896","https://openalex.org/W6782331398","https://openalex.org/W6800954021","https://openalex.org/W6851578965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W4306321456","https://openalex.org/W2532775738","https://openalex.org/W2546942002","https://openalex.org/W2970216048","https://openalex.org/W2382607599","https://openalex.org/W2978289231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"&lt;p&gt;Superpixels":[0],"can":[1,36],"preserve":[2],"the":[3,7,10,47,64,82,92,104,136],"structure":[4],"and":[5,77],"reduce":[6,40],"redundancy":[8],"of":[9,14,63,75,84,91,106,125,138],"original":[11],"image.":[12],"Because":[13],"these":[15],"advantages,":[16],"superpixel":[17,20,66,94,109],"generation":[18],"or":[19],"segmentation":[21],"is":[22],"widely":[23],"used":[24,71],"as":[25,46],"a":[26,60,89],"pre-processing":[27],"step":[28],"in":[29,114],"many":[30],"image":[31],"processing":[32],"tasks.":[33],"Although":[34],"superpixels":[35],"be":[37],"employed":[38],"to":[39,102],"computational":[41],"complexity,":[42],"some":[43],"challenges,":[44,69],"such":[45],"non-Euclidean":[48],"feature":[49],"learning":[50],"problem":[51],"introduced":[52],"by":[53],"superpixels,":[54,76],"still":[55],"exist.":[56],"This":[57],"survey":[58],"provides":[59],"comprehensive":[61],"overview":[62],"state-of-the-art":[65,93],"methods,":[67],"major":[68],"commonly":[70],"evaluation":[72,100],"metrics,":[73],"applications":[74,124],"potential":[78],"future":[79,132],"directions":[80,133],"for":[81,134],"study":[83],"superpixels.":[85,126],"We":[86],"first":[87],"give":[88,129],"review":[90],"methods.":[95],"Next,":[96],"we":[97,120,128],"use":[98],"different":[99,112,115],"metrics":[101],"evaluate":[103],"performance":[105],"24":[107],"up-to-date":[108,123],"methods":[110],"on":[111],"datasets":[113],"noisy":[116],"environments.":[117],"After":[118],"that,":[119],"introduce":[121],"several":[122,130],"Finally,":[127],"possible":[131],"addressing":[135],"challenges":[137],"superpixels.&lt;/p&gt;":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
