{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166318490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","title":"Informed consent and ethical considerations in AI for dentistry and medicine: a scoping review","display_name":"Informed consent and ethical considerations in AI for dentistry and medicine: a scoping review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166318490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42372578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://irep.iium.edu.my/129711/14/129711_Informed%20consent%20and%20ethical%20considerations%20in%20AI%20for%20dentistry_WoS.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125630143","display_name":"Andrea Basualdo Allende","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Basualdo Allende","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: andreasbasualdos@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9070-9966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: andreasbasualdos@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075601848","display_name":"Sayeh Ehsani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Sadat Ehsani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107584872","display_name":"Pascal Eber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7799-0057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Eber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122770021","display_name":"Aminah Ikram Ullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aminah Ikram Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139484785","display_name":"Esra Kosan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esra Kosan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007822394","display_name":"Nora Saif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8834-8009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nora Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Cairo University, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Cairo University, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034499320","display_name":"Mohadeseh Alimohammadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800744764","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Medical Branch of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/00eaebe27","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I2800744764"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["IR","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohadeseh Alimohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800744764","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139472638","display_name":"Onyeloili Maureen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["NG","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onyeloili Maureen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092801612","display_name":"Dan Filwend\u00e9 Kientega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129628643","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Joseph Ki-Zerbo","ror":"https://ror.org/00t5e2y66","country_code":"BF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129628643"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["BF","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filwende Dan Kientega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Training and Research Unit in Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Joseph Ki Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Training and Research Unit in Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Joseph Ki Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129628643","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053022175","display_name":"Telmo Galrao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Telmo Galr\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121804107","display_name":"Ahmad Badruddin Ghazali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["MY","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Badruddin Ghazali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery & Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery & Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014469328","display_name":"Dalia E Meisha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-690X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["SA","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalia E. Meisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137852548","display_name":"Mohamed Adel Youssef Abdelsalam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["CH","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Adel Youssef Abdelsalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Oral & Dental Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Oral & Dental Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033313301","display_name":"Steven Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-2787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68106152","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s","ror":"https://ror.org/0039d5757","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}],"countries":["BR","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s (The Federal University of Goi\u00e1s), Goi\u00e1s, Brazil; Mona School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Saint Andrew, Jamaica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s (The Federal University of Goi\u00e1s), Goi\u00e1s, Brazil; Mona School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Saint Andrew, Jamaica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391","https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103966279","display_name":"Parul Khare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74885063","display_name":"Sharda University","ror":"https://ror.org/03b6ffh07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74885063"]}],"countries":["IN","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parul Khare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Unit of Forensic Odontology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Topic Group Oral Health, ITU/WHO/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Unit of Forensic Odontology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391","https://openalex.org/I74885063"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":9,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61977319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"219","issue":null,"first_page":"106576","last_page":"106576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9401999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9401999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informed-consent","display_name":"Informed consent","score":0.7067000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-care","display_name":"Dental care","score":0.2863999903202057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68122502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764527","display_name":"Informed consent","level":3,"score":0.7067000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776693998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259410","display_name":"Dental care","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986663376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9465","display_name":"Ethical issues","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153997805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42240","display_name":"Research ethics","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003813","descriptor_name":"Dentistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003813","descriptor_name":"Dentistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007258","descriptor_name":"Informed Consent","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007258","descriptor_name":"Informed Consent","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42372578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42372578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:129711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://irep.iium.edu.my/129711/7/129711_Informed%20consent%20and%20ethical%20considerations%20in%20AI%20for%20dentistry.pdf","pdf_url":"https://irep.iium.edu.my/129711/14/129711_Informed%20consent%20and%20ethical%20considerations%20in%20AI%20for%20dentistry_WoS.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400713","display_name":"The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","host_organization_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:129711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://irep.iium.edu.my/129711/7/129711_Informed%20consent%20and%20ethical%20considerations%20in%20AI%20for%20dentistry.pdf","pdf_url":"https://irep.iium.edu.my/129711/14/129711_Informed%20consent%20and%20ethical%20considerations%20in%20AI%20for%20dentistry_WoS.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400713","display_name":"The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","host_organization_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166318490.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166318490.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071480942","https://openalex.org/W2083384763","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2178497961","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2786361993","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2895410484","https://openalex.org/W2903777941","https://openalex.org/W2913777302","https://openalex.org/W2931693521","https://openalex.org/W2999828647","https://openalex.org/W3003161132","https://openalex.org/W3014412695","https://openalex.org/W3042904241","https://openalex.org/W3045439214","https://openalex.org/W3048895603","https://openalex.org/W3080706116","https://openalex.org/W3099222358","https://openalex.org/W3119408429","https://openalex.org/W3123332830","https://openalex.org/W3161843532","https://openalex.org/W3165835753","https://openalex.org/W3178741698","https://openalex.org/W3198708518","https://openalex.org/W3203426586","https://openalex.org/W3215623190","https://openalex.org/W4238666307","https://openalex.org/W4285493981","https://openalex.org/W4290730675","https://openalex.org/W4292528167","https://openalex.org/W4362588639","https://openalex.org/W4376562227","https://openalex.org/W4377090863","https://openalex.org/W4377826065","https://openalex.org/W4378188974","https://openalex.org/W4381620840","https://openalex.org/W4381893868","https://openalex.org/W4382394524","https://openalex.org/W4383888691","https://openalex.org/W4386237651","https://openalex.org/W4386542010","https://openalex.org/W4387440167","https://openalex.org/W4389001227","https://openalex.org/W4389145957","https://openalex.org/W4390509775","https://openalex.org/W4391030563","https://openalex.org/W4391432113","https://openalex.org/W4391432212","https://openalex.org/W4391648534","https://openalex.org/W4391849646","https://openalex.org/W4391887872","https://openalex.org/W4392096139","https://openalex.org/W4392598276","https://openalex.org/W4392852334","https://openalex.org/W4392871613","https://openalex.org/W4392871967","https://openalex.org/W4393045352","https://openalex.org/W4394782511","https://openalex.org/W4395448002","https://openalex.org/W4398216394","https://openalex.org/W4399249666","https://openalex.org/W4399558638","https://openalex.org/W4400515461","https://openalex.org/W4400648584","https://openalex.org/W4401816593","https://openalex.org/W4401820954","https://openalex.org/W4402313440","https://openalex.org/W4402543957","https://openalex.org/W4402568239","https://openalex.org/W4403039509","https://openalex.org/W4404811145","https://openalex.org/W4405288101","https://openalex.org/W4405765014","https://openalex.org/W4407871167","https://openalex.org/W4408252589","https://openalex.org/W4410325474","https://openalex.org/W4410734138","https://openalex.org/W4411266576","https://openalex.org/W4412528223","https://openalex.org/W4413265223","https://openalex.org/W4413279885","https://openalex.org/W4413824684","https://openalex.org/W4414072855","https://openalex.org/W7157117263"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}