{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163352290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","title":"Artificial intelligence applications using patient-generated health data for pre-care processes in elective healthcare: a systematic review","display_name":"Artificial intelligence applications using patient-generated health data for pre-care processes in elective healthcare: a systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163352290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42250455"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088673471","display_name":"Tristan Warren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tristan Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Interactive Studios, Parallelweg 27, 5223 AL 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands. Electronic address: tristan.warren@radboudumc.nl"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4675-4578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Interactive Studios, Parallelweg 27, 5223 AL 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands. Electronic address: tristan.warren@radboudumc.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070037084","display_name":"Walter van der Weegen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9389-0644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156660","display_name":"St. Anna Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04xcr2824","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156667","display_name":"St. Anna Ziekenhuis","ror":"https://ror.org/04y89nz36","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156667"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter van der Weegen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports & Orthopedics Research Centre, Anna Hospital, Bogardeind 2, 5664 BE Geldrop, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports & Orthopedics Research Centre, Anna Hospital, Bogardeind 2, 5664 BE Geldrop, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156660","https://openalex.org/I4210156667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059065","display_name":"Rudolf B Kool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3134-487X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf B. Kool","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044217809","display_name":"Mark Hoogendoorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Hoogendoorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137777151","display_name":"Thomas Timmers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Timmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Interactive Studios, Parallelweg 27, 5223 AL 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Interactive Studios, Parallelweg 27, 5223 AL 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088673471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71081483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"218","issue":null,"first_page":"106525","last_page":"106525"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.34700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.34700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.24719999730587006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.053199999034404755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data","display_name":"Health data","score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.28360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017977704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18745135","display_name":"Health data","level":3,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076206","descriptor_name":"Patient Generated Health Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000097103","descriptor_name":"Digital Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42250455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42250455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire_cris_publications/2342c5eb-61d9-47cd-9acc-f8f35492a123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/2342c5eb-61d9-47cd-9acc-f8f35492a123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Warren, T, van der Weegen, W, Kool, R B, Hoogendoorn, M & Timmers, T 2026, 'Artificial intelligence applications using patient-generated health data for pre-care processes in elective healthcare : a systematic review', International journal of medical informatics, vol. 218, 106525, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/2342c5eb-61d9-47cd-9acc-f8f35492a123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/2342c5eb-61d9-47cd-9acc-f8f35492a123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Warren, T, van der Weegen, W, Kool, R B, Hoogendoorn, M & Timmers, T 2026, 'Artificial intelligence applications using patient-generated health data for pre-care processes in elective healthcare : a systematic review', International journal of medical informatics, vol. 218, 106525, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056134801","https://openalex.org/W2106311978","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2108199245","https://openalex.org/W2136403658","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2774587119","https://openalex.org/W2907554860","https://openalex.org/W2986777610","https://openalex.org/W2994825152","https://openalex.org/W3032766692","https://openalex.org/W3036370019","https://openalex.org/W3087976151","https://openalex.org/W3127756254","https://openalex.org/W3134076070","https://openalex.org/W3134722266","https://openalex.org/W3156311852","https://openalex.org/W3162505328","https://openalex.org/W3168951873","https://openalex.org/W3174961705","https://openalex.org/W3176390926","https://openalex.org/W3205690112","https://openalex.org/W3215647026","https://openalex.org/W4205806195","https://openalex.org/W4280565756","https://openalex.org/W4284888208","https://openalex.org/W4293105715","https://openalex.org/W4299689471","https://openalex.org/W4304892862","https://openalex.org/W4311762778","https://openalex.org/W4364862404","https://openalex.org/W4366351017","https://openalex.org/W4378576117","https://openalex.org/W4383481965","https://openalex.org/W4386496107","https://openalex.org/W4391109384","https://openalex.org/W4392377228","https://openalex.org/W4394722130","https://openalex.org/W4396578488","https://openalex.org/W4399994866","https://openalex.org/W4400090543","https://openalex.org/W4401992684","https://openalex.org/W4402910782","https://openalex.org/W4404210001","https://openalex.org/W4404703005","https://openalex.org/W4406887664","https://openalex.org/W4407173730","https://openalex.org/W4407910351","https://openalex.org/W4408226143","https://openalex.org/W4408314709","https://openalex.org/W4408383581","https://openalex.org/W4408514931","https://openalex.org/W4408735159","https://openalex.org/W4408818117","https://openalex.org/W4409252341","https://openalex.org/W4409691681","https://openalex.org/W4410547659","https://openalex.org/W4410882873","https://openalex.org/W4411554631"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"can":[4,276],"leverage":[5],"patient-generated":[6],"health":[7],"data":[8,36],"(PGHD)":[9],"to":[10,50,71,114,130,194],"support":[11,115],"pre-care":[12,116],"processes":[13,117],"such":[14],"as":[15,38],"triage,":[16],"symptom":[17],"assessment,":[18],"and":[19,32,54,65,68,73,90,100,157,174,221,271],"history-taking.":[20],"Existing":[21],"systematic":[22,79],"reviews":[23],"have":[24],"examined":[25],"AI":[26,33,52,110],"clinical":[27,222,246,268],"decision":[28],"support,":[29],"PGHD":[30,55,113,145],"use,":[31],"for":[34,46,107],"specific":[35],"modalities":[37],"separate":[39],"domains,":[40,67],"but":[41,253],"none":[42],"addresses":[43],"their":[44],"intersection":[45],"pre-care.":[47],"We":[48,96],"aimed":[49],"map":[51],"methods":[53],"modalities,":[56],"synthesize":[57],"outcomes":[58,223],"across":[59,138],"technical,":[60],"clinical,":[61],"operational,":[62],"user":[63],"experience,":[64],"equity":[66,272],"identify":[69],"barriers":[70],"deployment":[72,275],"gaps":[74],"in":[75,83,118,170,209,216,226,233],"reporting.":[76],"METHODS:":[77],"This":[78],"review":[80],"was":[81,124,207,231],"conducted":[82],"accordance":[84],"with":[85,93,166,185],"the":[86,188],"PRISMA":[87],"2020":[88],"statement":[89],"prospectively":[91],"registered":[92],"PROSPERO":[94],"(CRD420251134235).":[95],"searched":[97],"PubMed,":[98],"MEDLINE,":[99],"Web":[101],"of":[102,122,172,205,211,219,236],"Science":[103],"(January":[104],"2020-June":[105],"2025)":[106],"studies":[108,143,173],"evaluating":[109],"applications":[111],"using":[112,126],"elective":[119],"care.":[120],"Risk":[121],"bias":[123,206],"assessed":[125,232],"validated":[127],"tools":[128],"appropriate":[129],"each":[131],"study":[132,239],"design.":[133],"Narrative":[134],"synthesis":[135],"addressed":[136],"heterogeneity":[137],"outcome":[139,269],"domains.":[140],"RESULTS:":[141],"Twenty-one":[142],"analyzed":[144],"from":[146,192,262],"free":[147],"text":[148],"(38%),":[149],"questionnaires":[150],"(33%),":[151],"voice":[152],"recordings":[153],"(14%),":[154],"wearables":[155],"(10%),":[156],"images":[158],"(5%).":[159],"Most":[160],"used":[161],"classical":[162],"machine":[163],"learning":[164,168],"(67%),":[165],"deep":[167],"present":[169],"43%":[171],"large":[175],"language":[176],"models":[177],"emerging":[178],"recently":[179],"(14%).":[180],"Model":[181],"performance":[182],"appeared":[183],"promising,":[184],"area":[186],"under":[187],"curve":[189],"values":[190],"ranging":[191],"0.64":[193],"0.98":[195],"(median":[196],"0.78).":[197],"However,":[198],"this":[199],"evidence":[200,250],"has":[201],"serious":[202],"limitations:":[203],"risk":[204],"high":[208],"95%":[210],"studies,":[212],"external":[213],"validation":[214],"occurred":[215],"only":[217,234],"6%":[218],"evaluations,":[220],"were":[224],"measured":[225],"just":[227],"one":[228],"study.":[229],"Equity":[230],"14%":[235],"studies.":[237],"No":[238],"demonstrated":[240],"patient":[241],"benefit":[242],"or":[243],"described":[244],"routine":[245],"deployment.":[247],"CONCLUSION:":[248],"Current":[249],"establishes":[251],"proof-of-concept":[252],"not":[254],"proof-of-benefit.":[255],"The":[256],"field":[257],"requires":[258],"a":[259],"methodological":[260],"shift":[261],"algorithm":[263],"development":[264],"toward":[265],"prospective":[266],"validation,":[267],"measurement,":[270],"assessment":[273],"before":[274],"be":[277],"justified.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}