{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162416812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","title":"A multimodal EHR-based phenotyping framework integrating consensus clustering and transformer-based clinical NLP: application to autoimmune gastritis","display_name":"A multimodal EHR-based phenotyping framework integrating consensus clustering and transformer-based clinical NLP: application to autoimmune gastritis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162416812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42214282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078722193","display_name":"Daniele Pala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-3349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","display_name":"University of Bergamo","ror":"https://ror.org/02mbd5571","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Pala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: daniele.pala@unibg.it"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-3349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: daniele.pala@unibg.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005904384","display_name":"Marco Vincenzo Lenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-4911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151645","display_name":"Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1q1c88","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151645","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Vincenzo Lenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210151645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137016780","display_name":"Giovanni Santacroce","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151645","display_name":"Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1q1c88","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151645","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Santacroce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210151645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094282516","display_name":"Laura Bergomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0359-5128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Bergomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137032172","display_name":"Chiara Curgu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Curgu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090527818","display_name":"Tommaso Buonocore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Buonocore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136717235","display_name":"Chiara Sirtoli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","display_name":"University of Bergamo","ror":"https://ror.org/02mbd5571","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Sirtoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090028219","display_name":"Enea Parimbelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0679-828X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enea Parimbelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044548370","display_name":"Giordano Lanzola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3190-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giordano Lanzola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137002014","display_name":"Antonio Di Sabatino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151645","display_name":"Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1q1c88","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151645","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Di Sabatino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-8645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210151645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078722193"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70894003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"217","issue":null,"first_page":"106511","last_page":"106511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.11640000343322754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.11640000343322754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.07850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11378","display_name":"Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-gastritis","display_name":"Autoimmune Gastritis","score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helicobacter-pylori","display_name":"Helicobacter pylori","score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-disease","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastritis","display_name":"Gastritis","score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-clustering","display_name":"Consensus clustering","score":0.34929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910396959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826391","display_name":"Autoimmune Gastritis","level":4,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776409635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180556","display_name":"Helicobacter pylori","level":2,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8084905","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778677798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183130","display_name":"Gastritis","level":3,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186767784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5162841","display_name":"Consensus clustering","level":5,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098430","descriptor_name":"Clustering Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098430","descriptor_name":"Clustering Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098430","descriptor_name":"Clustering Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42214282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42214282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7334064245223999,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F5497039910","display_name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito","ror":"https://ror.org/01ehyh486"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W402335930","https://openalex.org/W2791578172","https://openalex.org/W2897782922","https://openalex.org/W2946181699","https://openalex.org/W3195403709","https://openalex.org/W3209627537","https://openalex.org/W4211023055","https://openalex.org/W4292403431","https://openalex.org/W4307102530","https://openalex.org/W4313526634","https://openalex.org/W4364378922","https://openalex.org/W4389348480","https://openalex.org/W4400412245","https://openalex.org/W4401366472","https://openalex.org/W4403868947","https://openalex.org/W4405517758","https://openalex.org/W4408286963","https://openalex.org/W4408663946","https://openalex.org/W4410629220","https://openalex.org/W4410879394","https://openalex.org/W4410955447","https://openalex.org/W4411041865","https://openalex.org/W4411507067","https://openalex.org/W4413106322","https://openalex.org/W4415917427","https://openalex.org/W7131895287"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1,100],"develop":[2],"and":[3,15,23,48,56,70,114,184,203,210],"evaluate":[4],"a":[5,28,36,86,189],"multimodal":[6],"electronic":[7],"health":[8],"record":[9],"(EHR)-based":[10],"phenotyping":[11,192],"pipeline":[12],"integrating":[13,67,181],"structured":[14,97,202],"unstructured":[16],"clinical":[17,49,186,205],"data":[18,58,206],"to":[19,75,94,110],"identify":[20,76],"disease":[21,118],"subgroups":[22],"characterize":[24],"longitudinal":[25,54,164],"trajectories":[26],"in":[27,127,145,163,213],"real-world":[29],"setting.":[30],"MATERIALS":[31],"AND":[32],"METHODS:":[33],"We":[34],"conducted":[35],"retrospective":[37],"multicenter":[38],"study":[39,176],"including":[40],"1,598":[41],"patients":[42,124],"with":[43,53],"autoimmune":[44],"gastritis.":[45],"Structured":[46],"demographic":[47],"variables":[50],"were":[51,83,108,125],"combined":[52],"endoscopic":[55,81,147],"histological":[57],"extracted":[59],"from":[60],"routine":[61],"care.":[62],"A":[63],"consensus":[64,131],"clustering":[65,132,182],"strategy":[66],"partitioning":[68],"(K-medoids)":[69],"hierarchical":[71],"approaches":[72],"was":[73],"applied":[74],"robust":[77],"patient":[78],"subgroups.":[79,138],"Free-text":[80],"reports":[82],"processed":[84],"using":[85],"fine-tuned":[87],"transformer-based":[88,185],"natural":[89],"language":[90],"processing":[91],"(NLP)":[92],"model":[93,141],"automatically":[95],"extract":[96],"phenotypic":[98],"features.":[99],"address":[101],"irregular":[102],"follow-up":[103],"intervals,":[104],"time-normalized":[105],"progression":[106,158],"indices":[107,159],"developed":[109],"capture":[111],"both":[112],"severity":[113],"temporal":[115],"dynamics":[116],"of":[117,155,166,180,201],"evolution.":[119],"RESULTS:":[120],"After":[121],"preprocessing,":[122],"607":[123],"included":[126],"the":[128,156,178],"analysis.":[129],"The":[130,139,194],"approach":[133,196],"identified":[134],"three":[135],"clinically":[136],"distinct":[137],"NLP":[140,187],"demonstrated":[142],"high":[143],"performance":[144],"extracting":[146],"features":[148],"(accuracy":[149],"90.2%,":[150],"balanced":[151],"accuracy":[152],"89.3%).":[153],"Application":[154],"proposed":[157,195],"revealed":[160],"significant":[161],"differences":[162],"patterns":[165],"mucosal":[167],"damage":[168],"across":[169],"clusters":[170],"(p":[171],"<":[172],"0.01).":[173],"CONCLUSION:":[174],"This":[175],"demonstrates":[177],"feasibility":[179],"techniques":[183],"within":[188],"unified":[190],"EHR":[191],"pipeline.":[193],"supports":[197],"scalable":[198],"secondary":[199],"use":[200],"narrative":[204],"for":[207],"subgroup":[208],"discovery":[209],"trajectory":[211],"modeling":[212],"chronic":[214],"diseases.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T08:15:23.626066","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}
