{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160648616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","title":"Safety and diagnostic accuracy of large-language model application of PECARN head injury algorithm","display_name":"Safety and diagnostic accuracy of large-language model application of PECARN head injury algorithm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160648616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42127532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135688145","display_name":"Mackenzie A. Simper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mackenzie A. Simper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: m.a.simper@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: m.a.simper@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014557580","display_name":"Fahd A. Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-6835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahd A. Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: fahd.ahmad@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-6835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: fahd.ahmad@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135666682","display_name":"Joanna Abraham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-5279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Abraham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: joannaa@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-5279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: joannaa@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135697869","display_name":"Thomas M. Maddox","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Maddox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: tmaddox@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: tmaddox@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135705439","display_name":"James Flotken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7562-2990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Flotken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: f.james@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7562-2990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: f.james@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135706573","display_name":"James R. Rudloff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-2645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Rudloff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: rudloff@wustl.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-2645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: rudloff@wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135688145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6170576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"216","issue":null,"first_page":"106466","last_page":"106466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.2526000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.2526000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.12099999934434891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.05000000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-injury","display_name":"Head injury","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.28119999170303345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920572","display_name":"Head injury","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004636","descriptor_name":"Emergency Service, Hospital","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004636","descriptor_name":"Emergency Service, Hospital","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006259","descriptor_name":"Craniocerebral Trauma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006259","descriptor_name":"Craniocerebral Trauma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42127532","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42127532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001032895","https://openalex.org/W2046599640","https://openalex.org/W2131389518","https://openalex.org/W2142149055","https://openalex.org/W2600337111","https://openalex.org/W2606543612","https://openalex.org/W2758265627","https://openalex.org/W2900259824","https://openalex.org/W2989844482","https://openalex.org/W4288712110","https://openalex.org/W4379598302","https://openalex.org/W4385968450","https://openalex.org/W4391221150","https://openalex.org/W4391292768","https://openalex.org/W4391995913","https://openalex.org/W4394706423","https://openalex.org/W4399480372","https://openalex.org/W4401542967","https://openalex.org/W4401984431","https://openalex.org/W4403229099","https://openalex.org/W4407046395","https://openalex.org/W4409505362","https://openalex.org/W4410462063","https://openalex.org/W4413801922","https://openalex.org/W4414183234"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}
