{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152574759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","title":"Machine learning for early detection and prediction of sepsis: explainability and key sepsis biomarkers representation\u2014A systematic review","display_name":"Machine learning for early detection and prediction of sepsis: explainability and key sepsis biomarkers representation\u2014A systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152574759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41962401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126380722","display_name":"Ioannis Papapanagiotou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Papapanagiotou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091689925","display_name":"Apostolos Karalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4474-4197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108479","display_name":"Space Hellas (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nx9mw61","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108479"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Karalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Business Hellas, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Business Hellas, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042725245","display_name":"Stelios Kokkoris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-8488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stelios Kokkoris","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010972418","display_name":"Charikleia S. Vrettou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1067-8849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charikleia S. Vrettou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059543147","display_name":"Olga Kampouropoulou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Kampouropoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075793032","display_name":"Vassiliki Giannopoulou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassiliki Giannopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037840674","display_name":"Spyretta Golemati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-7660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spyretta Golemati","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133302921","display_name":"Anastasia Kotanidou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Kotanidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126364965","display_name":"Stavros Papapanagiotou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108479","display_name":"Space Hellas (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nx9mw61","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108479"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros Papapanagiotou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Business Hellas, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Business Hellas, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133286779","display_name":"Ioanna Dimopoulou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166445","display_name":"Evangelismos Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05q4veh78","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioanna Dimopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I4210166445"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073129873","display_name":"Alice G. Vassiliou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4984-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alice G. Vassiliou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: alvass@med.uoa.gr'"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4984-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: alvass@med.uoa.gr'","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073129873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"fwci":11.8651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98057904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"214","issue":null,"first_page":"106420","last_page":"106420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"Sepsis","score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.29330000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5896000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183134","display_name":"Sepsis","level":2,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41962401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41962401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.42451369762420654}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048037126","https://openalex.org/W2060970919","https://openalex.org/W2168803832","https://openalex.org/W2280404143","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2891400669","https://openalex.org/W2940553617","https://openalex.org/W2952789948","https://openalex.org/W2954583151","https://openalex.org/W2974973348","https://openalex.org/W2980177178","https://openalex.org/W2992764683","https://openalex.org/W2995282027","https://openalex.org/W2998853022","https://openalex.org/W3026865292","https://openalex.org/W3031791960","https://openalex.org/W3041173064","https://openalex.org/W3048074762","https://openalex.org/W3048688409","https://openalex.org/W3131505924","https://openalex.org/W3173633888","https://openalex.org/W3181946933","https://openalex.org/W3193078598","https://openalex.org/W3207351808","https://openalex.org/W3207542615","https://openalex.org/W4200359273","https://openalex.org/W4229335013","https://openalex.org/W4231506893","https://openalex.org/W4282962132","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W4386307515","https://openalex.org/W4386397734","https://openalex.org/W4388489826","https://openalex.org/W4395009305","https://openalex.org/W4401273485","https://openalex.org/W4403022119","https://openalex.org/W4404632402","https://openalex.org/W4404866418","https://openalex.org/W4407176025","https://openalex.org/W4408377492","https://openalex.org/W4408964626","https://openalex.org/W4408970137","https://openalex.org/W4409654815","https://openalex.org/W4409887508","https://openalex.org/W4411150962"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"systematically":[2],"review":[3,214],"machine":[4],"learning-based":[5],"sepsis":[6,20,66,131,136,158,223,235,248],"prediction":[7,132,224],"studies,":[8],"examining":[9],"model":[10,154,231],"explainability":[11,102,128,220],"and":[12,33,72,86,90,101,156,187,199,225,233],"the":[13,25,30,69,125,145,153,184,217],"extent":[14],"to":[15,52,183,243],"which":[16],"explanations":[17,232],"reflect":[18],"key":[19,135,234],"biomarkers.":[21],"DATA":[22,79],"SOURCES:":[23],"Following":[24],"PRISMA":[26],"guidelines,":[27],"we":[28,97],"reviewed":[29,89],"titles,":[31],"abstracts,":[32],"full":[34],"texts.":[35],"The":[36,58],"search":[37],"was":[38],"conducted":[39],"in":[40,124,130,192,196,222],"four":[41],"major":[42],"bibliographic":[43],"databases":[44],"with":[45,247],"publication":[46],"dates":[47],"from":[48],"January":[49],"1,":[50],"2019":[51],"July":[53],"16,":[54],"2025.":[55],"STUDY":[56],"SELECTION:":[57],"included":[59],"studies":[60,109],"provided":[61],"a":[62,115,150,227,238],"clear":[63],"definition":[64],"of":[65,107,127,190,219],"based":[67],"on":[68,201],"Sepsis-3":[70],"criteria":[71],"involved":[73],"critically":[74],"ill":[75],"adult":[76],"human":[77],"subjects.":[78],"EXTRACTION":[80],"AND":[81],"SYNTHESIS:":[82],"Two":[83],"authors":[84],"(IP":[85],"AKa)":[87],"independently":[88],"assessed":[91,98],"each":[92],"study.":[93],"Using":[94],"statistical":[95],"methods,":[96],"study":[99],"quality":[100],"trends.":[103],"RESULTS:":[104],"A":[105],"total":[106],"37":[108],"were":[110,142],"included.":[111],"Our":[112],"analysis":[113],"revealed":[114],"notable":[116],"temporal":[117],"increase":[118],"(\u224867%":[119],"greater":[120],"odds":[121],"per":[122],"year)":[123],"use":[126,221],"methods":[129],"models.":[133],"However,":[134],"biomarkers":[137],"(procalcitonin":[138],"or":[139],"C-reactive":[140],"protein)":[141],"not":[143],"among":[144],"top":[146],"predictive":[147],"features,":[148],"highlighting":[149],"gap":[151,229],"between":[152,230],"output":[155],"known":[157],"pathophysiology.":[159,249],"DISCUSSION:":[160],"Model":[161],"attributions":[162],"often":[163],"mirror":[164],"what":[165,176],"electronic":[166],"health":[167],"records":[168],"measure":[169],"most":[170,178],"consistently":[171],"(vital":[172],"signs)":[173],"rather":[174],"than":[175],"is":[177],"biologically":[179],"specific,":[180],"partly":[181],"due":[182],"high":[185],"missingness":[186],"irregular":[188],"sampling":[189],"CRP/PCT":[191],"public":[193],"datasets.":[194],"Heterogeneity":[195],"feature":[197],"selection":[198],"reliance":[200],"local":[202],"datasets":[203],"limit":[204],"generalizability,":[205],"while":[206],"sparse":[207],"code/data":[208],"sharing":[209],"constrains":[210],"reproducibility.":[211],"CONCLUSION:":[212],"This":[213],"newly":[215],"quantifies":[216],"rise":[218],"identifies":[226],"consistent":[228],"biomarkers,":[236],"providing":[237],"foundation":[239],"for":[240],"future":[241],"work":[242],"bridge":[244],"data-driven":[245],"insights":[246],"SYSTEMATIC":[250],"REVIEW":[251],"REGISTRATION":[252],"NUMBER:":[253],"CRD420251101470.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}