{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128396466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","title":"BackTracker: Machine learning to identify kinematic phenotypes for personalised exercise management in non-specific low back pain","display_name":"BackTracker: Machine learning to identify kinematic phenotypes for personalised exercise management in non-specific low back pain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128396466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zebang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6107-4738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zebang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: LiuZ91@cardiff.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6107-4738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: LiuZ91@cardiff.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010194843","display_name":"Yulia Hicks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-4587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulia Hicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hicksYA@cardiff.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hicksYA@cardiff.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011083414","display_name":"Liba Sheeran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-764X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liba Sheeran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: L.Sheeran@soton.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-764X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: L.Sheeran@soton.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14147942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"211","issue":null,"first_page":"106335","last_page":"106335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.15049999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.15049999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.11810000240802765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10925","display_name":"Spinal Cord Injury Research","score":0.10320000350475311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-back-pain","display_name":"Low back pain","score":0.7001000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-sensors","display_name":"Motion sensors","score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-capture","display_name":"Motion capture","score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-activity","display_name":"Physical activity","score":0.31679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780907711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852163","display_name":"Low back pain","level":3,"score":0.7001000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5957000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986565385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion sensors","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48007421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676252","display_name":"Motion capture","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020255362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883","display_name":"Physical activity","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776501849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5781808","display_name":"Back pain","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777036941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917771","display_name":"Motion analysis","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005081","descriptor_name":"Exercise Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005081","descriptor_name":"Exercise Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005081","descriptor_name":"Exercise Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41689880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:184886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/184886/1/1-s2.0-S1386505626000754-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320277","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320350","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965428427","https://openalex.org/W1971107806","https://openalex.org/W1996272514","https://openalex.org/W2023370307","https://openalex.org/W2074297243","https://openalex.org/W2079137283","https://openalex.org/W2085503719","https://openalex.org/W2096958731","https://openalex.org/W2100003329","https://openalex.org/W2120795002","https://openalex.org/W2120845666","https://openalex.org/W2120883178","https://openalex.org/W2152004280","https://openalex.org/W2162222161","https://openalex.org/W2300059025","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2737304167","https://openalex.org/W2807780047","https://openalex.org/W2946244323","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2981716273","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3028079590","https://openalex.org/W3143249574","https://openalex.org/W3170940710","https://openalex.org/W3200070715","https://openalex.org/W3208228475","https://openalex.org/W3213113884","https://openalex.org/W4232714830","https://openalex.org/W4308885870","https://openalex.org/W4377289287","https://openalex.org/W4393188298","https://openalex.org/W4396794672","https://openalex.org/W4403071807","https://openalex.org/W4404797496"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Low":[1],"back":[2,156],"pain":[3],"(LBP)":[4],"is":[5,24],"a":[6,102,150,171,194,217],"leading":[7],"cause":[8],"of":[9,153,197,220,265,274],"global":[10],"disability.":[11],"Most":[12],"cases":[13],"are":[14,31],"non-specific":[15],"(NSLBP)":[16],"and":[17,51,75,92,124,134,144,188,248,258],"lack":[18],"identifiable":[19],"causes.":[20],"Early":[21],"active":[22],"management":[23],"endorsed":[25],"by":[26,110,216],"clinical":[27,49],"guidelines;":[28],"however,":[29],"exercises":[30,292],"rarely":[32],"customised":[33],"despite":[34],"substantial":[35],"variability":[36],"in":[37,128],"impairments.":[38,296],"Existing":[39],"classification":[40,280],"systems":[41],"can":[42],"support":[43,268],"targeted":[44],"rehabilitation":[45],"but":[46],"require":[47],"extensive":[48],"training":[50],"lengthy":[52],"assessment":[53],"procedures,":[54],"limiting":[55],"timely":[56,269],"personalised":[57,94,270],"care.":[58],"OBJECTIVE:":[59],"This":[60],"study":[61],"used":[62,82,168],"AI":[63,266],"methods":[64],"to":[65,89,140,169,238,267,293],"identify":[66],"the":[67,129,263],"two":[68],"most":[69],"common":[70],"motor":[71],"control":[72],"impairments":[73],"(MCIs)-flexion":[74],"extension":[76],"patterns":[77],"(FP/EP)-in":[78],"NSLBP.":[79],"The":[80,191,252,272],"approach":[81],"spinal":[83],"silhouettes":[84],"extracted":[85],"from":[86,101],"movement":[87],"videos":[88],"enable":[90],"self-phenotyping":[91],"guide":[93],"exercise":[95],"selection.":[96],"METHODS:":[97],"Data":[98],"were":[99,138,167],"collected":[100],"research":[103],"fellowship":[104],"involving":[105],"ninety":[106],"NSLBP":[107,260],"participants":[108],"classified":[109],"an":[111],"expert":[112],"physiotherapist":[113],"(LS)":[114],"into":[115],"FP":[116,257],"or":[117,232,240],"EP":[118,259],"MCIs.":[119],"Participants":[120],"performed":[121],"standard":[122],"forward-":[123,239],"backward-bend":[125,203,241],"tasks":[126,230,242],"recorded":[127],"sagittal":[130],"plane.":[131],"Pose":[132],"estimation":[133],"instance":[135],"segmentation":[136],"techniques":[137],"applied":[139],"extract":[141],"motion":[142,277],"features":[143,166,278],"spine":[145],"silhouettes.":[146],"From":[147],"each":[148],"participant,":[149],"curated":[151],"set":[152],"80":[154],"black-and-white":[155],"images":[157,227],"captured":[158],"at":[159],"specific":[160,294],"bending":[161],"angles":[162],"was":[163,177,214,223],"produced.":[164],"These":[165],"train":[170],"feedforward":[172],"neural":[173],"network.":[174],"Model":[175],"performance":[176],"assessed":[178],"using":[179],"five-fold":[180],"cross-validation":[181],"with":[182,276],"accuracy,":[183,281],"sensitivity,":[184],"specificity,":[185],"F1":[186],"score":[187],"AUC.":[189],"RESULTS:":[190],"model":[192,253],"achieved":[193],"diagnostic":[195],"accuracy":[196],"91.91%":[198],"(95%":[199],"CI":[200],"84.8-99.1)":[201],"for":[202,210,225],"videos,":[204],"exceeding":[205],"reported":[206],"inter-examiner":[207],"agreement":[208],"rates":[209],"trained":[211],"physiotherapists.":[212],"Robustness":[213],"supported":[215],"mean":[218],"AUC":[219],"0.9422.":[221],"Accuracy":[222],"lower":[224],"forward-bend":[226],"(86.69%),":[228],"combined":[229],"(86.29%),":[231],"PROMs":[233,237,275],"alone":[234],"(63.82%).":[235],"Adding":[236],"provided":[243],"only":[244],"modest":[245],"improvements":[246],"(66.32%":[247],"71.62%,":[249],"respectively).":[250],"CONCLUSION:":[251],"reliably":[254],"distinguished":[255],"between":[256],"subgroups,":[261],"demonstrating":[262],"potential":[264],"rehabilitation.":[271],"integration":[273],"reduced":[279],"suggesting":[282],"that":[283],"self-reported":[284],"outcomes":[285],"may":[286],"provide":[287],"limited":[288],"benefit":[289],"when":[290],"tailoring":[291],"physical":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T08:10:14.011955","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}