{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413854761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","title":"Improving spam botnet detection through convolutional model and geolocation feature enhancement in a novel three-class classification task","display_name":"Improving spam botnet detection through convolutional model and geolocation feature enhancement in a novel three-class classification task","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413854761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202467","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","issn_l":"2666-6030","issn":["2666-6030"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119487473","display_name":"Florentino Benedictus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florentino Benedictus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2969-2122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076285880","display_name":"Muhammad Aidiel Rachman Putra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aidiel Rachman Putra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-6853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075903779","display_name":"Tohari Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-0756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tohari Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-0756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075765273","display_name":"Choiru Za\u2019in","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8012-7340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802631561","display_name":"Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn60108","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choiru Za\u2019in","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8012-7340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062209494","display_name":"Tony de Souza-Daw","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony de Souza-Daw","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-0850","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075903779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":1.083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81918849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"185","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.8700700402259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.8364198207855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7105576992034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.632682740688324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.596507728099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5918442010879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.50639808177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","score":0.4255684018135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4193149209022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36739861965179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.342090368270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15925529599189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.13619664311408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08836278319358826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.8700700402259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.8364198207855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7105576992034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.632682740688324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.596507728099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5918442010879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.50639808177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13672336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460803","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","level":2,"score":0.4255684018135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4193149209022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36739861965179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.342090368270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15925529599189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.13619664311408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08836278319358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202467","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","issn_l":"2666-6030","issn":["2666-6030"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:536468c4176d4ca6aad757a112df849d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/536468c4176d4ca6aad757a112df849d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks, Vol 6, Iss , Pp 185-203 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202467","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","issn_l":"2666-6030","issn":["2666-6030"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327937","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2005708564","https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2130850880","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2330903175","https://openalex.org/W2614960713","https://openalex.org/W2795067647","https://openalex.org/W2805462980","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W2950399464","https://openalex.org/W2979539300","https://openalex.org/W3022357768","https://openalex.org/W3130490915","https://openalex.org/W3157855204","https://openalex.org/W3175402960","https://openalex.org/W3190483023","https://openalex.org/W3198463309","https://openalex.org/W3202260726","https://openalex.org/W3216660278","https://openalex.org/W4235157178","https://openalex.org/W4235649620","https://openalex.org/W4243390101","https://openalex.org/W4280565328","https://openalex.org/W4296982334","https://openalex.org/W4301836950","https://openalex.org/W4311262316","https://openalex.org/W4386102753","https://openalex.org/W4387834972","https://openalex.org/W4388419817","https://openalex.org/W4392005601","https://openalex.org/W4392016786","https://openalex.org/W4392906772","https://openalex.org/W4393930468","https://openalex.org/W4402334274","https://openalex.org/W4403561687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2163194970","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Botnet":[0],"detection":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,58,89,141],"critical":[4],"and":[5,20,52,108,148],"challenging":[6],"area":[7],"in":[8],"the":[9,17,40,77,112,119,130],"field":[10],"of":[11,30,39,79,122,137,143,146,150],"information":[12],"security,":[13],"primarily":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,75,95],"intricate":[18],"architectures":[19],"sophisticated":[21],"attack":[22],"mechanisms":[23],"employed":[24],"by":[25,66,118],"botnets.":[26,124],"The":[27,99,125],"significant":[28],"influence":[29],"botnets":[31],"on":[32,45],"spam":[33,106,123],"traffic":[34],"is":[35],"well-documented;":[36],"however,":[37],"much":[38],"existing":[41],"literature":[42],"predominantly":[43],"focuses":[44],"binary":[46],"classification,":[47],"distinguishing":[48],"only":[49],"between":[50,114],"botnet":[51,80,115],"non-botnet":[53,104],"traffic.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"introduces":[57],"novel":[59],"approach":[60],"aimed":[61],"at":[62],"addressing":[63],"this":[64],"limitation":[65],"implementing":[67],"an":[68,134],"IP":[69],"mapping":[70],"mechanism":[71],"leveraging":[72],"geolocation":[73],"data":[74],"enhance":[76],"quality":[78],"datasets.":[81,158],"These":[82],"enriched":[83],"datasets":[84],"are":[85],"subsequently":[86],"utilized":[87],"within":[88],"Convolutional":[90],"Neural":[91],"Network":[92],"(CNN)":[93],"framework":[94],"facilitate":[96],"three-class":[97],"classification.":[98],"proposed":[100,131],"model":[101,132],"differentiates":[102],"among":[103],"traffic,":[105],"botnets,":[107,110],"non-spam":[109],"with":[111,140],"distinction":[113],"classes":[116],"driven":[117],"substantial":[120],"impact":[121],"experimental":[126],"results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"that":[129],"achieves":[133],"average":[135],"accuracy":[136],"97.89%,":[138],"along":[139],"precision":[142],"80.72%,":[144],"recall":[145],"72.40%,":[147],"F1-score":[149],"73.71%":[151],"across":[152],"various":[153],"scenarios":[154],"using":[155],"three":[156],"distinct":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}