{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417443659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","title":"A comprehensive survey on masked face recognition techniques using deep learning: Motivations, research progress, and future challenges","display_name":"A comprehensive survey on masked face recognition techniques using deep learning: Motivations, research progress, and future challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417443659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898368220","display_name":"ICT Express","issn_l":"2405-9595","issn":["2405-9595"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICT Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019581780","display_name":"Sparsh Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8092-1683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8778637","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Srinagar","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfwvw54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152752","https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sparsh Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070815655","display_name":"Mohammad A. U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-3986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8778637","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Srinagar","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfwvw54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152752","https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mumin Ahmad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huzaif Mushtaq Mir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8778637","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Srinagar","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfwvw54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152752","https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huzaif Mushtaq Mir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649419","display_name":"Surbhi Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8508-9037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8778637","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Srinagar","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfwvw54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152752","https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Surbhi Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8778637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019581780","https://openalex.org/A5100649419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8778637"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.5314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70698283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition-grand-challenge","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.38440001010894775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191070858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428343","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","level":5,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898368220","display_name":"ICT Express","issn_l":"2405-9595","issn":["2405-9595"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICT Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c61a04a669a416f80c6f46b97aae08c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c61a04a669a416f80c6f46b97aae08c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICT Express, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 55-75 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.12.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898368220","display_name":"ICT Express","issn_l":"2405-9595","issn":["2405-9595"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICT Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1721634477","https://openalex.org/W2020839919","https://openalex.org/W2037801372","https://openalex.org/W2052503369","https://openalex.org/W2054891869","https://openalex.org/W2109685970","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2136860609","https://openalex.org/W2137044408","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2145526234","https://openalex.org/W2149640558","https://openalex.org/W2158771285","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2561648494","https://openalex.org/W2565575913","https://openalex.org/W2573778882","https://openalex.org/W2604976973","https://openalex.org/W2615737751","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2738588019","https://openalex.org/W2739260663","https://openalex.org/W2756114629","https://openalex.org/W2799999388","https://openalex.org/W2915902994","https://openalex.org/W2919762183","https://openalex.org/W2940931619","https://openalex.org/W2978704794","https://openalex.org/W3010052540","https://openalex.org/W3030108559","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3044778821","https://openalex.org/W3045015561","https://openalex.org/W3070220677","https://openalex.org/W3092755853","https://openalex.org/W3112696837","https://openalex.org/W3125257526","https://openalex.org/W3128406261","https://openalex.org/W3133830781","https://openalex.org/W3142882742","https://openalex.org/W3144035815","https://openalex.org/W3182155274","https://openalex.org/W3186759331","https://openalex.org/W3191841357","https://openalex.org/W3196252426","https://openalex.org/W3208637248","https://openalex.org/W3212340323","https://openalex.org/W3214287139","https://openalex.org/W3217154667","https://openalex.org/W3217228024","https://openalex.org/W4205603901","https://openalex.org/W4207033477","https://openalex.org/W4221005825","https://openalex.org/W4221064670","https://openalex.org/W4286602937","https://openalex.org/W4287825176","https://openalex.org/W4304099129","https://openalex.org/W4307955276","https://openalex.org/W4308548604","https://openalex.org/W4308737645","https://openalex.org/W4366779682","https://openalex.org/W4386933447","https://openalex.org/W4390706297","https://openalex.org/W4402987849","https://openalex.org/W4403266848","https://openalex.org/W4406325182","https://openalex.org/W4409472966","https://openalex.org/W4409543857","https://openalex.org/W4411545540","https://openalex.org/W4412995623","https://openalex.org/W4413465101"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Masked":[0],"Face":[1,90,96],"Recognition":[2,91,97],"(MFR)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,49],"critical":[7],"research":[8,34,61,147],"area,":[9],"accelerated":[10],"by":[11],"the":[12,21,58,69,101,138,165],"widespread":[13],"adoption":[14],"of":[15,39,54,75,122,167],"facial":[16],"masks":[17],"during":[18],"and":[19,51,73,93,113,134,145,157,171],"after":[20],"COVID-19":[22],"pandemic.":[23],"Traditional":[24],"face":[25,174],"recognition":[26,175],"systems":[27],"struggle":[28],"under":[29],"partial":[30],"occlusion,":[31],"motivating":[32],"extensive":[33],"into":[35],"specialized":[36],"techniques":[37],"capable":[38],"recognizing":[40],"masked":[41,173],"faces":[42],"with":[43],"high":[44],"reliability.":[45],"This":[46],"survey":[47,102],"provides":[48],"comprehensive":[50],"systematic":[52],"review":[53],"existing":[55,126],"work":[56],"in":[57],"field,":[59],"covering":[60],"published":[62],"from":[63,125],"2021":[64],"onward.":[65],"The":[66],"study":[67],"examines":[68],"motivations,":[70],"methodological":[71,135],"evolution,":[72],"challenges":[74],"MFR,":[76],"focusing":[77],"on":[78],"key":[79],"deep":[80],"learning\u2013based":[81],"approaches":[82],"such":[83,149],"as":[84,150],"Occlusion-Robust":[85],"Feature":[86],"Extraction":[87],"(ORFE),":[88],"Occlusion-Aware":[89],"(OAFR),":[92],"Occlusion":[94],"Recovery-Based":[95],"(ORBFR).":[98],"In":[99],"addition,":[100],"analyzes":[103],"commonly":[104],"used":[105],"pipelines,":[106],"loss":[107],"functions,":[108],"network":[109],"architectures,":[110],"evaluation":[111],"metrics,":[112],"datasets":[114],"relevant":[115],"to":[116,131],"MFR.":[117],"A":[118],"detailed":[119],"comparative":[120],"overview":[121],"performance":[123],"results":[124],"studies":[127],"is":[128],"also":[129],"presented":[130],"support":[132],"benchmarking":[133],"selection.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"paper":[139],"highlights":[140],"open":[141],"challenges,":[142],"emerging":[143],"trends,":[144],"future":[146],"directions,":[148],"dataset":[151],"limitations,":[152],"model":[153],"generalization,":[154],"validation":[155],"strategies,":[156],"ethical":[158],"considerations,":[159],"aimed":[160],"at":[161],"guiding":[162],"researchers":[163],"toward":[164],"development":[166],"more":[168],"accurate,":[169],"robust,":[170],"efficient":[172],"systems.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}