{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400391860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","title":"An overview of machine unlearning","display_name":"An overview of machine unlearning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400391860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186527","display_name":"High-Confidence Computing","issn_l":"2667-2952","issn":["2667-2952"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"High-Confidence Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8025-8041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8025-8041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104344103","display_name":"Haipeng Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544074","display_name":"Jian\u2010Kang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-5588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiankang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104143019","display_name":"Yu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8320-1729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101394155","display_name":"Shuxuan Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxuan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105346396","display_name":"Fangming Jing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098389","display_name":"Ministry of Civil Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/00rmvjy83","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098389","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fangming Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing, 100721, Beijing, China","Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100721, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing, 100721, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100721, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100598832","display_name":"Yu Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100598832","https://openalex.org/A5105346396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210098389"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":4.4624,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95090287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"100254","last_page":"100254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7614094018936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6338849067687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5652410984039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5436422824859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3289638161659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07713189721107483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7614094018936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6338849067687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5652410984039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5436422824859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3289638161659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07713189721107483}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186527","display_name":"High-Confidence Computing","issn_l":"2667-2952","issn":["2667-2952"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"High-Confidence Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae21876cdf8c474481e786b289e1d4d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae21876cdf8c474481e786b289e1d4d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"High-Confidence Computing, Vol 5, Iss 2, Pp 100254- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186527","display_name":"High-Confidence Computing","issn_l":"2667-2952","issn":["2667-2952"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"High-Confidence Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5382610034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0115901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7184951566","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2141481372","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2604738573","https://openalex.org/W2782944093","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2988337058","https://openalex.org/W3004443750","https://openalex.org/W3009148757","https://openalex.org/W3023153742","https://openalex.org/W3035556513","https://openalex.org/W3035644192","https://openalex.org/W3082059448","https://openalex.org/W3093603503","https://openalex.org/W3098528040","https://openalex.org/W3119278161","https://openalex.org/W3135378441","https://openalex.org/W3161131473","https://openalex.org/W3175294706","https://openalex.org/W3175430527","https://openalex.org/W3176739818","https://openalex.org/W3199974954","https://openalex.org/W3209576002","https://openalex.org/W3213758632","https://openalex.org/W3217333669","https://openalex.org/W4220795335","https://openalex.org/W4224300408","https://openalex.org/W4226128336","https://openalex.org/W4226540977","https://openalex.org/W4248872416","https://openalex.org/W4281697289","https://openalex.org/W4283796010","https://openalex.org/W4286256876","https://openalex.org/W4287020178","https://openalex.org/W4288283361","https://openalex.org/W4295108597","https://openalex.org/W4297782689","https://openalex.org/W4300679476","https://openalex.org/W4301329292","https://openalex.org/W4353004773","https://openalex.org/W4362714589","https://openalex.org/W4387986864","https://openalex.org/W6629197870","https://openalex.org/W6713121291","https://openalex.org/W6728484576","https://openalex.org/W6747827020","https://openalex.org/W6748173626","https://openalex.org/W6758377931","https://openalex.org/W6761051576","https://openalex.org/W6765443569","https://openalex.org/W6770880833","https://openalex.org/W6774154917","https://openalex.org/W6780547051","https://openalex.org/W6784265177","https://openalex.org/W6784706293","https://openalex.org/W6790532531","https://openalex.org/W6791907524","https://openalex.org/W6797062389","https://openalex.org/W6800601607","https://openalex.org/W6801550686","https://openalex.org/W6802816399","https://openalex.org/W6803988097","https://openalex.org/W6810073543","https://openalex.org/W6810708214","https://openalex.org/W6811106212","https://openalex.org/W6840044703","https://openalex.org/W6845060749","https://openalex.org/W6857321796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"machine":[1,56,62,71,100,125],"learning":[2,57],"is":[3,64,73],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,115,124],"various":[7],"applications.":[8],"Training":[9],"a":[10,21,65,81],"model":[11,87],"requires":[12],"huge":[13],"amounts":[14],"of":[15,61,98],"data,":[16],"but":[17],"it":[18,119],"can":[19],"pose":[20],"threat":[22],"to":[23,34,47,67,88],"user":[24],"privacy.":[25],"With":[26],"the":[27,32,45,86,90,96,99,116],"growing":[28],"concern":[29],"for":[30],"privacy,":[31],"\u201cRight":[33],"be":[35,53],"Forgotten\u201d":[36],"has":[37],"been":[38],"proposed,":[39],"which":[40],"means":[41],"that":[42,49,118],"users":[43],"have":[44],"right":[46],"request":[48],"their":[50],"personal":[51],"information":[52],"removed":[54],"from":[55,80],"models.":[58],"The":[59],"emergence":[60],"unlearning":[63,72,101],"response":[66],"this":[68,93],"need.":[69],"Implementing":[70],"not":[74,84],"easy":[75],"because":[76],"simply":[77],"deleting":[78],"samples":[79],"database":[82],"does":[83],"allow":[85],"\u201cforget\u201d":[89],"data.":[91],"Therefore,":[92],"paper":[94],"summarises":[95],"definition":[97],"formulation,":[102],"process,":[103],"deletion":[104],"requests,":[105],"design":[106],"requirements":[107],"and":[108,112],"validation,":[109],"algorithms,":[110],"applications,":[111],"future":[113,122],"perspectives,":[114],"hope":[117],"will":[120],"help":[121],"researchers":[123],"unlearning.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
