{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165010703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","title":"Digital maturity: Testing an existing framework through scale development","display_name":"Digital maturity: Testing an existing framework through scale development","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165010703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137385198","display_name":"Jonathan Crusoe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147256","display_name":"National Library of Sweden","ror":"https://ror.org/049bh0z35","country_code":"SE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147256"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I992397","display_name":"University of Bor\u00e5s","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdxwh83","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I992397"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Crusoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Librarianship, Information, Education and IT, Swedish School of Library and Information Science, Bor\u00e5s University College, Sweden","Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Librarianship, Information, Education and IT, Swedish School of Library and Information Science, Bor\u00e5s University College, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147256","https://openalex.org/I992397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063135543","display_name":"Johan Magnusson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-6460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Magnusson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052153651","display_name":"Johan Eklund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-3136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147256","display_name":"National Library of Sweden","ror":"https://ror.org/049bh0z35","country_code":"SE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147256"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I992397","display_name":"University of Bor\u00e5s","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdxwh83","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I992397"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Eklund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Librarianship, Information, Education and IT, Swedish School of Library and Information Science, Bor\u00e5s University College, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Librarianship, Information, Education and IT, Swedish School of Library and Information Science, Bor\u00e5s University College, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147256","https://openalex.org/I992397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137385198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147256","https://openalex.org/I881427289","https://openalex.org/I992397"],"apc_list":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"apc_paid":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76064979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"102160","last_page":"102160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.7840999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.7840999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.03909999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","score":0.694100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector","display_name":"Public sector","score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.43790000677108765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.694100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85890633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929673","display_name":"Capability Maturity Model","level":3,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985272809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211017","display_name":"Digital government","level":3,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170007233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211017","display_name":"E-Government","level":3,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:hb-35720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-35720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400653","display_name":"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2026.102160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201710173","display_name":"Government Information Quarterly","issn_l":"0740-624X","issn":["0740-624X","1872-9517"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Government Information Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4747477173805237}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137689262","https://openalex.org/W1029364628","https://openalex.org/W1606625112","https://openalex.org/W1968423387","https://openalex.org/W1973911210","https://openalex.org/W1996467017","https://openalex.org/W2010398643","https://openalex.org/W2010855942","https://openalex.org/W2023143730","https://openalex.org/W2026593392","https://openalex.org/W2027600959","https://openalex.org/W2038318317","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2072754945","https://openalex.org/W2078965693","https://openalex.org/W2083960138","https://openalex.org/W2088477804","https://openalex.org/W2088530342","https://openalex.org/W2094102654","https://openalex.org/W2098877474","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2101241669","https://openalex.org/W2125326971","https://openalex.org/W2129258102","https://openalex.org/W2139106273","https://openalex.org/W2147061177","https://openalex.org/W2149608872","https://openalex.org/W2154265116","https://openalex.org/W2160172778","https://openalex.org/W2160196038","https://openalex.org/W2163297822","https://openalex.org/W2164284962","https://openalex.org/W2165289169","https://openalex.org/W2197539730","https://openalex.org/W2343726827","https://openalex.org/W2598632017","https://openalex.org/W2626325959","https://openalex.org/W2765886208","https://openalex.org/W2768349557","https://openalex.org/W2785591754","https://openalex.org/W2801702920","https://openalex.org/W2912800036","https://openalex.org/W2920529430","https://openalex.org/W2955156490","https://openalex.org/W3008099693","https://openalex.org/W3133157215","https://openalex.org/W3184394910","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4288043747","https://openalex.org/W4293870301","https://openalex.org/W4323519892","https://openalex.org/W4385686537","https://openalex.org/W4394766312","https://openalex.org/W4400681167","https://openalex.org/W4404797512","https://openalex.org/W4413353010"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,117,119,124,133],"maturity":[1,66,170],"frameworks":[2,32],"have":[3,33],"become":[4],"central":[5],"instruments":[6],"of":[7,131,145,165,182],"digital":[8,25,65,169,206],"government":[9,207],"practice,":[10],"used":[11,168],"by":[12,58],"public":[13,74,174],"sector":[14,75],"organizations,":[15,94],"national":[16],"agencies,":[17],"and":[18,23,52,81,88,123,179],"international":[19],"bodies":[20],"to":[21,36,63,199],"assess":[22],"steer":[24],"transformation.":[26],"Despite":[27],"their":[28],"widespread":[29],"use,":[30],"few":[31],"been":[34],"subjected":[35],"rigorous":[37],"psychometric":[38,187],"testing.":[39],"The":[40,102,135],"scores":[41],"they":[42],"produce":[43],"therefore":[44],"rest":[45],"on":[46,85],"unverified":[47],"assumptions":[48],"about":[49],"dimensionality,":[50],"reliability,":[51],"validity.":[53],"We":[54,154],"address":[55],"this":[56],"gap":[57],"applying":[59],"scale":[60,151,192,197],"development":[61,152,193],"methodology":[62,194],"a":[64,86,105,128,161,166],"framework":[67,171,201],"deployed":[68],"across":[69],"more":[70],"than":[71],"160":[72],"Swedish":[73],"organizations":[76],"since":[77],"2018.":[78],"Through":[79],"exploratory":[80],"confirmatory":[82],"factor":[83,100,130],"analysis":[84,103],"cleaned":[87],"multiply":[89],"imputed":[90],"sample":[91],"from":[92,195],"118":[93],"we":[95,159,190],"evaluate":[96],"the":[97,113,173,180],"framework's":[98],"latent":[99],"structure.":[101],"yields":[104],"four-factor":[106],"model":[107],"that":[108,141],"is":[109],"empirically":[110],"supported":[111],"within":[112],"studied":[114],"sample,":[115],"comprising":[116],"Operations,":[118],"Legacy,":[120],"Benefit":[121],"Management,":[122],"Development,":[125],"subsumed":[126],"under":[127],"second-order":[129],"Evaluated":[132],"Maturity.":[134],"results":[136],"also":[137],"reveal":[138],"specific":[139],"weaknesses":[140],"are":[142],"predictable":[143],"consequences":[144],"deploying":[146],"an":[147,184],"instrument":[148,185],"developed":[149],"without":[150,186],"methodology.":[153],"make":[155],"two":[156],"contributions.":[157],"First,":[158],"provide":[160],"large-scale":[162],"empirical":[163],"test":[164],"widely":[167],"in":[172,205],"sector,":[175],"identifying":[176],"its":[177],"strengths":[178],"implications":[181],"developing":[183],"grounding.":[188],"Second,":[189],"adapt":[191],"prospective":[196],"construction":[198],"retrospective":[200],"evaluation,":[202],"strengthening":[203],"measurement":[204],"research.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}