{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414481093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","title":"Information unraveling and limited depth of reasoning","display_name":"Information unraveling and limited depth of reasoning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414481093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94044085","display_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","issn_l":"0899-8256","issn":["0899-8256","1090-2473"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031956375","display_name":"Volker Benndorf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Volker Benndorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, DICE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3121-6003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, DICE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085107281","display_name":"Dorothea K\u00fcbler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801702882","display_name":"WZB Berlin Social Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03k0z2z93","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801702882","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothea K\u00fcbler","raw_affiliation_strings":["WZB Berlin and Technical University Berlin"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0289-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WZB Berlin and Technical University Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801702882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111441301","display_name":"Hans\u2010Theo Normann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Theo Normann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, DICE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8309-2507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, DICE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031956375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"],"apc_list":{"value":2540,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2540},"apc_paid":{"value":2540,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2540},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27791521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"154","issue":null,"first_page":"267","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-analysis","display_name":"Sequential analysis","score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-information","display_name":"Complete information","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.2867000102996826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7103999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80478641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195771","display_name":"Sequential analysis","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94044085","display_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","issn_l":"0899-8256","issn":["0899-8256","1090-2473"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/327129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/327129","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/327129/1/1937100049.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/331900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/331900","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/331900/1/Full-text-article-Benndorf-et-al-Information-unraveling.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de:71084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=71084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922359","display_name":"Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Artikel, Aufsatz"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94044085","display_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","issn_l":"0899-8256","issn":["0899-8256","1090-2473"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games and Economic Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2422757366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FOR 5392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7070194571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRC TRR 190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572002688","https://openalex.org/W1542183466","https://openalex.org/W1967423063","https://openalex.org/W1973522638","https://openalex.org/W1986744418","https://openalex.org/W1991577073","https://openalex.org/W1995775177","https://openalex.org/W2006567420","https://openalex.org/W2011353069","https://openalex.org/W2013758865","https://openalex.org/W2024836672","https://openalex.org/W2029397165","https://openalex.org/W2035243501","https://openalex.org/W2036951652","https://openalex.org/W2038213335","https://openalex.org/W2045704638","https://openalex.org/W2046977394","https://openalex.org/W2050175305","https://openalex.org/W2050670048","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2055482233","https://openalex.org/W2069659402","https://openalex.org/W2069698750","https://openalex.org/W2076668105","https://openalex.org/W2081532544","https://openalex.org/W2085038420","https://openalex.org/W2093137715","https://openalex.org/W2115747715","https://openalex.org/W2120610985","https://openalex.org/W2134160905","https://openalex.org/W2136017809","https://openalex.org/W2139960115","https://openalex.org/W2149961401","https://openalex.org/W2150672405","https://openalex.org/W2160003140","https://openalex.org/W2163748434","https://openalex.org/W2166450681","https://openalex.org/W2247121760","https://openalex.org/W2324400225","https://openalex.org/W2531765008","https://openalex.org/W2741237984","https://openalex.org/W2800001976","https://openalex.org/W2884694419","https://openalex.org/W2890139306","https://openalex.org/W2895870492","https://openalex.org/W2937688160","https://openalex.org/W3006575826","https://openalex.org/W3119182093","https://openalex.org/W3122844310","https://openalex.org/W3123318973","https://openalex.org/W3125241383","https://openalex.org/W3126082125","https://openalex.org/W3140129552","https://openalex.org/W3156655890","https://openalex.org/W4251530592","https://openalex.org/W4292084672"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"unraveling":[1,29,56,169],"is":[2,11,76,126],"an":[3],"elegant":[4],"theoretical":[5],"argument":[6],"suggesting":[7],"that":[8,113,133],"private":[9],"information":[10,178],"voluntarily":[12],"and":[13,30,95,116,124,148,152,186,199],"fully":[14],"revealed":[15],"in":[16,87,130],"many":[17,25],"circumstances.":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,38,52,64,82,103,131,156,167,190],"experimental":[21],"literature":[22],"has":[23,31],"documented":[24],"cases":[26],"of":[27,35,40,54,84,161,174],"incomplete":[28],"suggested":[32],"limited":[33],"depth":[34,173],"reasoning":[36,175,191],"on":[37,105],"part":[39],"senders":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,72,88],"behavioral":[44],"explanation.":[45],"To":[46],"test":[47],"this":[48],"explanation,":[49],"we":[50,70,80],"modify":[51],"design":[53],"existing":[55],"games":[57],"along":[58],"two":[59],"dimensions.":[60],"In":[61,181],"contrast":[62],"to":[63,121],"baseline":[65],"setting":[66],"with":[67],"simultaneous":[68],"moves,":[69],"introduce":[71],"variant":[73],"where":[74],"decision-making":[75,94,115],"essentially":[77],"sequential.":[78],"Second,":[79],"vary":[81],"cost":[83],"disclosure,":[85,123],"resulting":[86],"2\u00d72":[89],"treatment":[90,132,146],"design.":[91],"Both":[92],"sequential":[93,114,184,197,219],"low":[96,117,187,200],"disclosure":[97,118,129,211],"costs":[98,119,188,201],"are":[99],"suitable":[100],"for":[101],"reducing":[102],"demands":[104],"subjects'":[106],"level-":[107,138],"k":[108,139],"reasoning.":[109],"The":[110,159],"data":[111,157],"confirm":[112,195],"lead":[120],"more":[122],"there":[125],"virtually":[127],"full":[128],"combines":[134],"both.":[135],"A":[136],"calibrated":[137],"model":[140,208],"makes":[141],"quantitative":[142],"predictions,":[143],"including":[144],"precise":[145],"level":[147],"player-specific":[149],"revelation":[150],"rates,":[151],"these":[153],"predictions":[154],"organize":[155],"well.":[158],"timing":[160,216],"decisions":[162,185,198],"provides":[163],"further":[164,217],"insights":[165],"into":[166],"treatment-specific":[168],"process.":[170],"\u2022":[171,180,193,205,213],"Limited":[172],"hinders":[176],"complete":[177],"unraveling.":[179,220],"our":[182],"experiment,":[183],"reduce":[189],"demands.":[192],"Data":[194],"this,":[196],"combined,":[202],"95%":[203],"revelation.":[204],"Calibrated":[206],"level-k":[207],"accurately":[209],"predicts":[210],"rates.":[212],"Observed":[214],"decision":[215],"supports":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}