{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412714347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","title":"Scalable UTXO smart contracts via fine-grained distributed state","display_name":"Scalable UTXO smart contracts via fine-grained distributed state","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412714347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186357190","display_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","issn_l":"0167-739X","issn":["0167-739X","1872-7115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050606239","display_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020103649","display_name":"Riccardo Marchesin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Marchesin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003560156","display_name":"Roberto Zunino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-429X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Zunino","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003560156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":{"value":3340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3340},"apc_paid":{"value":3340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3340},"fwci":6.1931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.962815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"175","issue":null,"first_page":"108023","last_page":"108023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9138208031654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7290603518486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5212812423706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5036830306053162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1335161030292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08020830154418945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9138208031654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7290603518486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5212812423706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5036830306053162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1335161030292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08020830154418945}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186357190","display_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","issn_l":"0167-739X","issn":["0167-739X","1872-7115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/450905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11584/450905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/469612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/469612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196320","display_name":"Iris (University of Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2025.108023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186357190","display_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","issn_l":"0167-739X","issn":["0167-739X","1872-7115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022479543","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2187152421","https://openalex.org/W3014412779","https://openalex.org/W3173222259","https://openalex.org/W3198515637","https://openalex.org/W3217079782","https://openalex.org/W4226245973","https://openalex.org/W4241078940","https://openalex.org/W4244781878","https://openalex.org/W4301329292","https://openalex.org/W4320716610","https://openalex.org/W4353004773","https://openalex.org/W4379912906","https://openalex.org/W4385838933","https://openalex.org/W4394007237","https://openalex.org/W4401753107","https://openalex.org/W4403628868","https://openalex.org/W4412714347","https://openalex.org/W6606016844","https://openalex.org/W6728685992","https://openalex.org/W6734565943","https://openalex.org/W6742692663","https://openalex.org/W6746524489","https://openalex.org/W6748075632","https://openalex.org/W6749881694","https://openalex.org/W6750346710","https://openalex.org/W6756343105","https://openalex.org/W6757199348","https://openalex.org/W6768969179","https://openalex.org/W6781756674","https://openalex.org/W6782003350","https://openalex.org/W6784185647","https://openalex.org/W6787025372","https://openalex.org/W6801183902","https://openalex.org/W6810156235","https://openalex.org/W6853044023","https://openalex.org/W6853690243","https://openalex.org/W6874454118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2111125783","https://openalex.org/W2394465510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"UTXO-based":[0,95,104],"smart":[1,119,184,192],"contract":[2,15,21,30,133,172,193],"platforms":[3],"face":[4],"an":[5,226],"efficiency":[6],"bottleneck,":[7],"in":[8,38,61,177,186],"that":[9,86],"any":[10],"transaction":[11,66],"sent":[12],"to":[13,42,78,116,140,207,211],"a":[14,58,64,72,84,91,102,114,190,199],"must":[16],"specify":[17],"the":[18,29,48,55,69,79,129,132,143,147,168,171,181,213],"entire":[19],"updated":[20],"state.":[22],"This":[23],"requirement":[24],"becomes":[25],"particularly":[26],"burdensome":[27],"when":[28],"state":[31,60,75,134,148],"contains":[32],"dynamic":[33],"data":[34],"structures,":[35],"as":[36,90],"needed":[37],"many":[39],"use":[40],"cases":[41],"track":[43],"interactions":[44],"between":[45],"users":[46],"and":[47,224],"contract.":[49],"The":[50,123],"problem":[51],"is":[52,76,87,128],"twofold:":[53],"on":[54,68,121,217],"one":[56],"hand,":[57,71],"large":[59,65,73],"transactions":[62,82,139,216],"implies":[63],"fee;":[67],"other":[70],"centralized":[74],"detrimental":[77],"parallelization":[80],"of":[81,94,131,146,170,183,215,229],"\u2014":[83],"feature":[85],"often":[88],"cited":[89],"key":[92,124],"advantage":[93],"blockchains":[96],"over":[97],"account-based":[98,164],"ones.":[99],"We":[100,204,220],"propose":[101],"novel":[103],"blockchain":[105],"model,":[106],"named":[107],"hybrid":[108],"UTXO":[109],"(hUTXO)":[110],",":[111],"along":[112,197],"with":[113,198],"technique":[115,223],"efficiently":[117],"execute":[118],"contracts":[120,185],"it.":[122],"idea":[125],"underlying":[126],"hUTXO":[127,158,202],"distribution":[130],"across":[135],"multiple":[136],"UTXOs,":[137],"enabling":[138],"access":[141],"only":[142],"specific":[144],"portions":[145],"they":[149],"need,":[150],"thereby":[151],"reducing":[152],"their":[153],"size":[154],"(and":[155],"fees).":[156],"Our":[157],"model":[159],"also":[160],"borrows":[161],"features":[162],"from":[163],"models":[165],"(in":[166],"particular,":[167],"handling":[169],"balance),":[173],"making":[174],"it":[175],"\u201chybrid\u201d":[176],"nature.":[178],"To":[179],"simplify":[180],"development":[182],"hUTXO,":[187],"we":[188],"introduce":[189],"high-level":[191],"language":[194],"(named":[195],"hURF),":[196],"compiler":[200],"into":[201],"transactions.":[203],"show":[205],"how":[206],"exploit":[208],"our":[209,222],"framework":[210],"parallelize":[212],"validation":[214,228],"multi-core":[218],"CPUs.":[219],"implement":[221],"provide":[225],"empirical":[227],"its":[230],"effectiveness.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
