{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160549724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768","title":"From clear to snow: realistic LiDAR simulation via physical-statistical modeling","display_name":"From clear to snow: realistic LiDAR simulation via physical-statistical modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160549724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135631716","display_name":"Chenghao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1809-401X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1809-401X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135552778","display_name":"Pengpeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenghao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1809-401X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135613697","display_name":"Xiangmo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-5988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-3705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiangmo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-5988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099405","display_name":"Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2j2k71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099405"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangmo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China","Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-5988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099405"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135552778","https://openalex.org/A5135613697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57545605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"326","issue":null,"first_page":"132768","last_page":"132768"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.46219998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.46219998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.1808999925851822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.05139999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.5371999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3968000113964081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7123000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.5371999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43555835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300258","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5821487903594971}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2694836774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB2505701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4209470164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B14043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336033","funder_display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5545762811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"300102245716","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321525","funder_display_name":"Chang'an University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6078601349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52302401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6214113610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52441205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321525","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336033","display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023646184","https://openalex.org/W2094658656","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2558027072","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W3004135102","https://openalex.org/W3191343975","https://openalex.org/W4206562178","https://openalex.org/W4285804321","https://openalex.org/W4327692895","https://openalex.org/W4379117131","https://openalex.org/W4394977084","https://openalex.org/W4399601597","https://openalex.org/W4399852306","https://openalex.org/W4405098028","https://openalex.org/W4409328307","https://openalex.org/W4411633022","https://openalex.org/W4413018704","https://openalex.org/W7117243474"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2026-05-08T00:00:00"}