{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147341098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","title":"HC-CoT: A hierarchical causal chain-of-thought framework for multimodal sarcasm detection","display_name":"HC-CoT: A hierarchical causal chain-of-thought framework for multimodal sarcasm detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147341098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132695227","display_name":"Tianyu Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3307-4017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junlong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-7035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-7035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132621416","display_name":"Ling-ang Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling-Ang Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0106-0478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132547853","display_name":"Dawei Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-3608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132547853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"fwci":7.2709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96564896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"322","issue":null,"first_page":"132291","last_page":"132291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.22190000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.22190000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.18129999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcasm","display_name":"Sarcasm","score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2484000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.24490000307559967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035","display_name":"Sarcasm","level":3,"score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2484000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.24490000307559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.226500004529953}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4853011787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041400887","https://openalex.org/W4384207668","https://openalex.org/W4388487502","https://openalex.org/W4389903797","https://openalex.org/W4415142629"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"sarcasm":[1,104],"detection":[2],"relies":[3],"on":[4,46,176,182],"identifying":[5],"semantic":[6],"incongruity":[7,18],"between":[8],"visual":[9],"and":[10,38,61,127,164,185,201],"textual":[11],"modalities.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"methods":[15],"typically":[16],"model":[17],"through":[19],"monolithic":[20],"feature":[21],"fusion":[22],"or":[23],"shallow":[24],"interactions,":[25],"neglecting":[26],"the":[27,70,85,183],"hierarchical":[28,86,98],"structure":[29,116],"of":[30,89],"sarcasm,":[31],"which":[32],"manifests":[33],"distinctively":[34],"at":[35],"entity,":[36],"attribute,":[37],"scene":[39,141],"levels.":[40],"Consequently,":[41],"these":[42,66],"models":[43,103],"often":[44],"rely":[45],"spurious":[47],"correlations":[48],"rather":[49],"than":[50,93],"genuine":[51],"causal":[52,99,115,153],"dependencies,":[53],"resulting":[54],"in":[55,198],"limited":[56],"robustness":[57,173],"against":[58],"modality":[59],"imbalance":[60],"distribution":[62],"shifts.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"challenges,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"Hierarchical":[71,108],"Causal":[72,110],"Chain-of-Thought":[73,77],"(HC-CoT)":[74],"framework,":[75],"where":[76],"refers":[78],"to":[79],"a":[80,97,106],"structured":[81],"inference":[82],"trace":[83],"over":[84],"latent":[87],"variables":[88],"our":[90],"H-SCM":[91],"(rather":[92],"LLM-style":[94],"natural-language":[95],"rationales),":[96],"reasoning":[100],"framework":[101],"that":[102,189],"with":[105,159,168],"three-level":[107],"Structural":[109],"Model":[111],"(H-SCM)":[112],"whose":[113],"bottom-up":[114,137],"(Entity":[117],"\u2192":[118,120],"Attribute":[119],"Scene)":[121],"is":[122],"learned":[123],"under":[124],"explicit":[125,169],"sparsity":[126],"acyclicity":[128],"constraints.":[129],"Over":[130],"this":[131],"SCM,":[132],"HC-CoT":[133,190],"performs":[134],"bidirectional":[135],"inference:":[136],"evidence":[138],"aggregation":[139],"forms":[140],"hypotheses,":[142],"while":[143],"top-down":[144],"contextual":[145],"refinement":[146],"re-evaluates":[147],"lower-level":[148],"states":[149],"without":[150,174],"introducing":[151],"reverse":[152],"edges.":[154],"Training":[155],"combines":[156],"supervised":[157],"learning":[158],"(i)":[160],"missing-modality":[161],"consistency":[162],"regularization":[163],"(ii)":[165],"counterfactual":[166],"augmentation":[167],"label":[170],"policies,":[171],"improving":[172],"relying":[175],"heuristic":[177],"shortcut":[178],"cues.":[179],"Extensive":[180],"experiments":[181],"MMSD":[184],"MMSD2.0":[186],"benchmarks":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"achieves":[191],"new":[192],"state-of-the-art":[193],"performance,":[194],"exhibiting":[195],"significant":[196],"gains":[197],"accuracy,":[199],"robustness,":[200],"interpretability.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
