{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7144033732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","title":"An end-to-end bed-exit prediction system with a single load sensor in real-world care facilities","display_name":"An end-to-end bed-exit prediction system with a single load sensor in real-world care facilities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7144033732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2457-7551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2457-7551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090310509","display_name":"Rakiba Rayhana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakiba Rayhana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044732393","display_name":"Ling Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131250290","display_name":"Zheng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-3483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086567612","display_name":"Wei Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-7249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111741","display_name":"Touch of Life Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h8tw896","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111741"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tochtech Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tochtech Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5131250290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36301921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"321","issue":null,"first_page":"132284","last_page":"132284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.5649999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.5649999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.21250000596046448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11670","display_name":"Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.3375000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7968000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050520474","https://openalex.org/W2060830620","https://openalex.org/W2070475896","https://openalex.org/W2779879409","https://openalex.org/W2918685435","https://openalex.org/W2947409032","https://openalex.org/W2963073878","https://openalex.org/W2970357581","https://openalex.org/W3172296647","https://openalex.org/W3184393978","https://openalex.org/W4220982686","https://openalex.org/W4243644286","https://openalex.org/W4287219568","https://openalex.org/W4319790033","https://openalex.org/W4385763767","https://openalex.org/W4386465411","https://openalex.org/W4401732335","https://openalex.org/W4403214037","https://openalex.org/W4404164652","https://openalex.org/W4409195401","https://openalex.org/W4410197254","https://openalex.org/W4410508545","https://openalex.org/W4413628971","https://openalex.org/W4415930632","https://openalex.org/W7133218509"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"prediction":[1,86,102,130],"of":[2,123,149,191],"a":[3,82,90,100,107,156,175,180,208],"patient\u2019s":[4],"intention":[5,85],"to":[6,73,120,216],"exit":[7],"the":[8,68,121,184,214],"bed":[9,97],"is":[10],"critical":[11],"for":[12,142],"fall":[13,218],"prevention":[14,219],"but":[15],"remains":[16],"under-explored":[17],"in":[18,59,155,174,220],"real-world":[19,75],"care":[20,157,182],"facilities.":[21],"Existing":[22],"solutions":[23,37],"rely":[24],"on":[25,89,169],"wearable":[26],"sensors,":[27],"cameras,":[28],"pressure":[29],"mats,":[30],"or":[31,63,138],"vibration":[32],"sensors.":[33],"However,":[34],"these":[35],"existing":[36],"may":[38],"raise":[39],"privacy":[40],"concerns,":[41],"incur":[42],"high":[43],"hardware":[44],"costs,":[45],"require":[46],"extensive":[47],"data":[48,151],"annotation,":[49],"and":[50,70,99,117,159],"are":[51,56],"sometimes":[52],"noise-sensitive.":[53],"These":[54],"systems":[55],"typically":[57],"validated":[58],"small":[60],"laboratory":[61],"studies":[62],"simulated":[64],"environments,":[65],"which":[66],"lack":[67],"scale":[69],"diversity":[71],"needed":[72],"assess":[74],"generalization.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"study,":[79],"we":[80],"propose":[81],"novel":[83],"bed-exit":[84,150],"system":[87,185],"based":[88],"single":[91],"load":[92,124,205],"sensor":[93,125,206],"installed":[94],"under":[95],"one":[96],"leg":[98],"Transformer-based":[101],"model,":[103],"BEDFormer.":[104],"BEDFormer":[105,162,212],"introduces":[106],"Time\u2011aware":[108],"De\u2011stationary":[109],"Attention":[110],"mechanism":[111],"that":[112,161],"embeds":[113],"relative":[114],"temporal":[115],"information":[116],"dynamically":[118],"adapts":[119],"non-stationarity":[122],"signals":[126],"over":[127],"time.":[128],"This":[129],"model":[131],"can":[132],"be":[133],"trained":[134],"with":[135],"either":[136],"annotated":[137],"quick":[139],"heuristic":[140],"labels":[141],"rapid":[143],"deployment.":[144],"We":[145],"collected":[146],"six":[147],"months":[148],"from":[152],"95":[153],"beds":[154],"facility":[158],"demonstrated":[160],"outperforms":[163],"recent":[164],"state\u2011of\u2011the\u2011art":[165],"time":[166],"series":[167],"baselines":[168],"all":[170],"major":[171],"metrics.":[172],"Additionally,":[173],"19\u2011day":[176],"field":[177],"test":[178],"at":[179],"senior":[181],"facility,":[183],"achieved":[186],"an":[187,202],"average":[188],"F1":[189],"score":[190],"0.92":[192],"across":[193],"nine":[194],"residents,":[195],"confirming":[196],"strong":[197],"cross\u2011site":[198],"robustness.":[199],"By":[200],"turning":[201],"inexpensive,":[203],"privacy\u2011preserving":[204],"into":[207],"reliable":[209],"early\u2011warning":[210],"device,":[211],"lowers":[213],"barrier":[215],"proactive":[217],"healthcare":[221],"settings.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T06:01:17.266235","created_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00"}