{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7142247953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","title":"UTriGate-Net : Uncertainty-aware brain tumor segmentation via triaxial context encoding and gated modality fusion","display_name":"UTriGate-Net : Uncertainty-aware brain tumor segmentation via triaxial context encoding and gated modality fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7142247953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023143784","display_name":"Tongxue Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-4884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tongxue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Science and Intelligent Computing, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-4884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science and Intelligent Computing, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104346517","display_name":"Su Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62396329","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie","ror":"https://ror.org/03nhjew95","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105918","https://openalex.org/I62396329"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire AIMS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, 76183, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8785-6917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire AIMS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, 76183, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62396329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130830755","display_name":"Yanda Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanda Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-2174","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130861566","display_name":"Jinming Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinming Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130862364","display_name":"Haigen Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haigen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, Zhejiang, China","Key Laboratory of Visual Media Intelligent Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310023, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-8283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Visual Media Intelligent Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310023, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130833805","display_name":"Bingbing Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbing Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-6202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130849756","display_name":"Zhiwei Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Science and Intelligent Computing, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-7118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science and Intelligent Computing, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130830073","display_name":"Bangli Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2543-8987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130858806","display_name":"Tingjin Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingjin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-3971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130838086","display_name":"Baiying Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baiying Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Research, South China Hospital, Medical School, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-2550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Research, South China Hospital, Medical School, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023143784","https://openalex.org/A5130838086","https://openalex.org/A5130861566"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577","https://openalex.org/I163151501","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"fwci":6.6558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95954526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"321","issue":null,"first_page":"132258","last_page":"132258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.492000013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.492000013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.2542000114917755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48190000653266907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6403999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05589274v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05589274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications, 2026, 321, pp.132258. ⟨10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7662585626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W2751069891","https://openalex.org/W2970546341","https://openalex.org/W3042445013","https://openalex.org/W3118579652","https://openalex.org/W3127966350","https://openalex.org/W3137456187","https://openalex.org/W3172778143","https://openalex.org/W3196559017","https://openalex.org/W3211147476","https://openalex.org/W3211215576","https://openalex.org/W4210385745","https://openalex.org/W4214937897","https://openalex.org/W4224272083","https://openalex.org/W4229375793","https://openalex.org/W4283364477","https://openalex.org/W4289705852","https://openalex.org/W4291993480","https://openalex.org/W4307726656","https://openalex.org/W4311767714","https://openalex.org/W4322707229","https://openalex.org/W4322774502","https://openalex.org/W4367663280","https://openalex.org/W4386704549","https://openalex.org/W4387831664","https://openalex.org/W4391913352","https://openalex.org/W4392134736","https://openalex.org/W4393316741","https://openalex.org/W4396646258","https://openalex.org/W4396677248","https://openalex.org/W4404171777","https://openalex.org/W4404728356","https://openalex.org/W4407638182","https://openalex.org/W4409196435","https://openalex.org/W4410879593","https://openalex.org/W4415958651"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"segmentation":[1,43,105,145],"of":[2],"brain":[3,41,165],"tumors":[4],"from":[5],"multi-modal":[6,40],"MRI":[7],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,161],"diagnosis":[11],"and":[12,25,67,137,147,163],"treatment":[13],"planning.":[14],"However,":[15],"challenges":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"severe":[19],"class":[20,121],"imbalance,":[21],"modality-specific":[22,92],"feature":[23],"heterogeneity,":[24],"predictive":[26],"uncertainty":[27,126],"hinder":[28],"reliable":[29,162],"performance.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"work,":[33],"we":[34,46,76,107],"propose":[35],"UTriGate-Net,":[36],"a":[37,48,78,158],"novel":[38],"uncertainty-aware":[39],"tumor":[42,166],"framework.":[44],"First,":[45],"design":[47],"Triaxial":[49],"Context":[50],"Encoding":[51],"(TCE)":[52],"block":[53],"that":[54,95,114,141],"extracts":[55],"anisotropic":[56],"spatial":[57],"features":[58],"by":[59],"applying":[60],"directional":[61],"convolutions":[62],"along":[63],"the":[64,134,154],"axial,":[65],"coronal,":[66],"sagittal":[68],"planes,":[69],"thereby":[70],"enhancing":[71],"3D":[72],"contextual":[73],"representation.":[74],"Second,":[75],"introduce":[77],"Gated":[79],"Modality":[80],"Fusion":[81],"(GMF)":[82],"module,":[83],"which":[84],"adaptively":[85],"integrates":[86],"complementary":[87],"information":[88],"across":[89],"modalities":[90],"through":[91],"gating":[93],"weights":[94],"suppress":[96],"redundancy":[97],"while":[98],"retaining":[99],"salient":[100],"features.":[101],"Finally,":[102],"to":[103,119,128],"improve":[104],"reliability,":[106],"develop":[108],"an":[109,124],"Uncertainty-Regularized":[110],"Weighted":[111],"Loss":[112],"(URWL)":[113],"combines":[115],"dynamic":[116],"class-specific":[117],"weighting":[118],"mitigate":[120],"imbalance":[122],"with":[123],"entropy-based":[125],"penalty":[127],"encourage":[129],"well-calibrated":[130],"predictions.":[131],"Experiments":[132],"on":[133],"BraTS":[135],"2019":[136],"2020":[138],"datasets":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"UTriGate-Net":[142],"achieves":[143],"superior":[144],"accuracy":[146],"robustness,":[148],"particularly":[149],"in":[150,168],"challenging":[151],"subregions.":[152],"Overall,":[153],"proposed":[155],"framework":[156],"offers":[157],"promising":[159],"solution":[160],"precise":[164],"delineation":[167],"clinical":[169],"practice.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2026-03-29T00:00:00"}